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HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 10 TEST REVIEW DNA, Protein Synthesis, Bacteria and Viruses #1 Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles • Which is lytic and which is lysogenic? #1 Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles • Which is lytic and which is lysogenic? #2 Which Scientist(s) • HINT 1: worked with Neurospora crassa • HINT 2: worked as a team • HINT 3: one-gene-one-enzyme or one-gene-one-protein • ANSWER: Beadle and Tatum (F) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure • HINT 2: stole the Photo 51 • HINT 3: also got Nobel Prize • ANSWER: Maurice (the beast) Wilkins (G) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: worked with animal sperm • HINT 2: a hottie • HINT 3: found A-T and C-G amounts even • ANSWER: Chargaff (D) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: 1920’s • HINT 2: worked with Pneumococcus bacteria R and S strains • HINT 3: Found hereditary transformation • ANSWER: Frederick Griffith (B) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure • HINT 2: used x-ray crystallography Photo 51 • HINT 3: a woman • ANSWER: Rosalind Franklin (A) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure • HINT 2: first put bases on outside instead of inside • HINT 3: won Nobel prize for finding DNA structure • ANSWER: Watson and Crick (E) #2 Which Scientist(s)? • HINT 1: Found DNA to be the genetic material • HINT 2: used bacteriophages • HINT 3:used “hot” sulfur and phosphorus • ANSWER: Hershey and Chase (C) #2 Which scientist(s)? • HINT 1: found DNA was genetic material • HINT 2: separated bacteria into: carbos, DNA, protein, RNA by a centrifuge • HINT 3: bald • ANSWER: (H) Avery, MacLeod, McCarty #3 Name ways RNA is different from DNA: • 1. RNA = Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose in DNA • 2. DNA A-T C-G RNA A-U C-G • 3. RNA= Single stranded instead of Double in DNA • 4. RNA can go in and out of nucleus, DNA must stay in nucleus • 5. DNA can repair itself, RNA cannot What three parts of DNA make up one nucleotide? • ANSWER: –sugar –Phosphate –Nitrogenous base (remember the song) EXTRA: What is the complementary side of this DNA strand? (DNA – DNA) • G-A-T-T-G-A-C-C-T-C-G–G • ANSWER: • C - T - A - A - C - T - G - G - A - G - C- C What is the complementary mRNA strand? (DNA – mRNA) • G-A-T-T-G-A-C-C-T-C-G–G • ANSWER: • C - U - A - A - C - U - G - G - A - G - C- C #4 Identify the DNA parts: A B C D #4 Identify the DNA parts A PHOSPHATE B Deoxyribose Sugar C Nitrogenous Bases (A-T-C-G) D Hydrogen Bond Nucleotide = sugar, phosphate, base #4 How can you recognize… • Pyrimidines? And what bases? • One ring • CUT • Purines? And what bases? • Two rings • AG #5 Which process? • Does DNA copy itself? • ANSWER: Replication (A) • Is the movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome? • ANSWER: Translocation (B) #5 Which process? • Codes DNA to mRNA? • ANSWER? Transcription (C) • Codes mRNA to tRNA and protein? • ANSWER: Translation (D) #5 What happens at the P and A sites of a ribosome during translation? • A = amino acid is dropped off • P = polypeptide builds • Process is translocation (B) #6 What does it mean for DNA • To be semi-conservative? • When it replicates one parental strand and one new strand goes to each daughter cell. #6 What does it mean for DNA… • To be anti-parallel? • The two strands run side by side in opposite directions (one has 5’ at top and the other has 3’ at top) #7 Which enzyme? • Unwinds DNA from its spiral • ANSWER: Topoisomerase (B) #7 Which enzyme? • Separates the 2 DNA strands (breaks H bonds for replication) • ANSWER: Helicase (D) #7 Which enzyme? • Adds nucleotides to DNA for elongation and also for proofreading • ANSWER: DNA polymerase (C) #7 Which enzyme? • Binds Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand • ANSWER: Ligase (A) #7 Which enzyme? • Adds RNA nucleotide primers • ANSWER: Primase (E) #7 Which enzyme? • Makes RNA’s • ANSWER: RNA polymerase (G) #8 Which is a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations? • • • • A. mutagen B. mutagenesis C. mutation D. reading frame • ANSWER: A #8Which is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA? • • • • A. Mutagenesis B. mutation C. mutagen D. reading frame Epidermodysplasia verruciformis • ANSWER: B Uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules Tree Man Pictures • Before and After Images : Tree Man : Discovery Health #8 What mutation • Is a substitution that changes an amino acid into a STOP codon? • A. silent • B. missense • C. nonsense • ANSWER: nonsense #8 What mutation… • Is a substitution that causes no change in the protein product? • A. nonsense • B. silent • C. missense • ANSWER: silent #8 What mutation… • Causes a substitution that does change the amino acid coding? • A. Missense • B. silent • C. nonsense • ANSWER: Missense #8 Which is the triplet grouping (a mutation can alter it to shift) • • • • A. mutation B. mutagenesis C. mutagen D. reading frame • ANSWER: D #9 What are some examples of mutagens? UV Rays pesticides cigarettes X-rays #10 • How does the leading strand behave differently from the lagging strand? • ANSWER: leading strand adds nucleotides 5’ to 3’ toward the replication fork continuously • Lagging strand adds nucleotides 5’ to 3’ away from the replication fork discontinuously #11 What is the central dogma? • • • • A. DNA – RNA – protein B. protein – RNA – DNA C. DNA – protein – RNA D. RNA – protein – DNA • ANSWER: A #11 Who proposed the central dogma? • • • • A. Crick B. Watson C. Nirenberg D. Avery • ANSWER: Crick and Nirenberg #12 What amino acid is mRNA codon: UGU AAC UAC CGU GGG CAC UGG 12. What amino acid is mRNA codon: Cyst–Aspar –Tyros–Arg–Glyc-Hist-Trypt #13 What codon is the START CODON? 13. What amino acid is START codon: AUG #13 What are the three STOP CODONS? • ANSWER? UAA, UAG, UGA • (you could also figure this out by looking at the chart) What amino acid is mRNA codon: UGG tryptophan # 13 How many? • Different amino acids are there? • ANSWER: 20 #14 How many subunits make up a ribosome? • A. one • B. two • C. Three • D. Four 14. ANSWER: Ribosome = two subunits Made of rRNA (ribosomal) + protein #15 What are the 3 bases? • A. Codon • B. Anticodon • C. Triplet #15 What are the 3 bases? Codon • For mRNA • B. Anticodon • For tRNA • C. Triplet • For DNA • A. What does a tRNA carry? • A. codon • B. triplet • C. amino acid • D. ribosome • ANSWER: amino acid #16 Match: • Introns • A. Leave the nucleus to be coded with tRNA • Exons • B. Are cut and discarded from the primary mRNA • Introns: B • Exons: A 16. What will the mature mRNA look like? What will the mRNA look like? HINT: introns discarded exons kept and coded 1 2 3 = mature mRNA #16 What’s the difference? • Between Primary mRNA and mature mRNA? • Primary mRNA = introns + exons • Mature mRNA = only exons #17 MATCH • A. structural and functional core of a ribosome • B. template for translation • C. transporting amino acid • B mRNA • C. tRNA • A. rRNA #17 What are the 3 types of RNA? • a) tRNA (transfer RNA-brings amino acids) • b) mRNA (messenger RNA-codes from DNA), and • c) rRNA (ribosomal RNA-structural part of ribosome) #18 What are the structures? (See worksheet) #19 What type of mutation is this? • ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG • MUTATION: AAACGTAGG • ANSWER: insertion (A) #19 What type of mutation is this? • ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG • MUTATION: AACGAGG • ANSWER: Deletion (T) #19 What type of mutation is this? • ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG • MUTATION: AACGGGAT • ANSWER: Inversion (TAGG flipped) #19 What type of mutation is this? • ORIGINAL 2 chromosomes • AACGTAGG • ATCGGGTCGGA • MUTATION: AACGTATCGGG • TCGGAAGG • ANSWER: Translocation (two nonhomologous chromosomes exchanged) #20 Matching • A. Transcription • RNA polymerase terminator reaches bases that signals the end of the • B. transcription gene and releases to promotor leave the nucleus • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • ANSWER: A • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination #20 Matching • A. Transcription • Ribosome recognizes terminator a STOP codon and releases the • B. transcription polypeptide promotor • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • ANSWER: F • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination #20 Matching • A. Transcription • Successive tRNA’s terminator add their amino acids to the polypeptide • B. transcription chain at the ribosome promotor • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • ANSWER: E • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination #20 Matching • A. Transcription terminator • B. transcription promotor • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination • Cutting and pasting of the exons and introns to form a mature mRNA • ANSWER: C #20 Matching • A. Transcription terminator • B. transcription promotor • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination • The “start transcribing” signal in a nucleotide sequence + binding site for RNA polymerase • ANSWER: B #20 Matching • A. Transcription terminator • B. transcription promotor • C. RNA splicing • D. translation initiation • E. Translation elongation • F.translation termination • The mRNA and the first tRNA and the ribosomal unit come together • ANSWER: D #21 MATCH • • • • • A. Viroids B. Virions C. Prions D. emerging virus E. capsid • Misfolded proteins that destroy the brain (one cause is Mad Cow Disease) • ANSWER: C #21 MATCH • • • • • A. Viroids B. Virions C. Prions D. emerging virus E. capsid • Small circular RNA molecules that infect plants • ANSWER: A #21 MATCH • • • • • A. Viroids B. Virions C. Prions D. emerging virus E. capsid • Outer protein coat of a virus • ANSWER: E #21 MATCH • • • • • A. Viroids B. Virions C. Prions D. emerging virus E. capsid • Suddenly appears or is new • ANSWER: E #21 MATCH • • • • • A. Viroids B. Virions C. Prions D. emerging virus E. capsid • Pieces of the virus • ANSWER: E #22 What is a retrovirus? • Transcribes from RNA to DNA • Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme synthesizes DNA from RNA • The virus that causes AIDS is HIV #23 What are the APE sites? #23 • A- amino acid attaches to the ribosome • P- polypeptide forms as the amino acids join • E- polypeptide exits the ribosome EXTENDED RESPONSE DNA: ATT CGG ACT TGA • mRNA sequence? • UAA GCC UGA ACU • tRNA sequence? • AUU • Amino acid sequence? • (use mRNA codons • Stop on chart) CGG ACU alan stop UGA threo