Download Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

10
Nucleic Acids and
Protein Synthesis
Nucleic acids are created from
subunits called:
nucleotides
The three parts to a nucleotide
are:
Phosphate group, nitrogen base, sugar
Phosphate
base
sugar
Deoxyribose DNA
The sugar is _________in
Ribose RNA
________in
Phosphate
base
sugar
The bases are Guanine,
______________in
DNA
Cytosine
Adenine
, Thymine
______________
and ________________
Guanine, Cytosine
________________
Adenine , Uracil
in RNA
Phosphate
base
sugar
DNA structure looks like a spiral
staircase which is called a:
Double Helix
RNA is different because it is
only:
Single Stranded
DNA can do two things:
1.Replicate- make an exact copy for more
cells
2. Direct production of proteins that
determine how organisms look and
function
RNA has one job:
To take the DNA message and bring it
to the cytoplams where proteins are
Made from it.
A portion on a DNA molecule
that contains genetic
information is called a:
gene
These are later copied and used
to create:
proteins
These macromolecules are
created by
connecting_________ _______
using polypeptide bonds:
Amino acids
Below is a DNA sequences of
nitrogenous bases. Below it
write the corresponding
nitrogenous base for the other
side of the DNA Molecule:
ACTGGCCTAGGCTA
TGACCGGATCCGAT
RNA is different from DNA
because instead of the
nitrogenous base ________
found on DNA, RNA has the
nitrogenous base__________:
Thymine; Uracil
Below is the DNA sequence.
Below it write the corresponding
bases for a RNA molecule:
ACTGGCCTAGGCTA
UGACCGGAUCCGAU
There are three types of RNA.
They are:
a. mRNA
b. tRNA
c. rRNA
Match the function/description for each type
of RNA:
rRNA
______Makes up part of the ribosome;allows for
the mRNA to attach to the ribosome and
begin Translation when the ribosome
starts to read codons.
mRNA
_____The RNA copy of the DNA in the nucleus;
leaves to go to the cytoplasm and attach to
a ribosome.
____ Carries the correct amino acid to the mRNA
tRNA
during translation; has the anticodon.
mRNA
____ Made up of codons (groups of three bases)
that code for a specific amino acid.
tRNA
_____ Contains an anticodon ( the complement to
the codon) that allows it to attach to the
mRNA/ribosome during translation.
Protein Synthesis is made up of two steps.
Below list the two steps and where each
occurs in the cell and summarize the events:
Name
Location
What happens?
nucleus
-DNA separates
- RNA bases added
-RNA comes off theDNA,
goes to the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
on a
ribosome
-attaches to a ribosome
-Ribosome “reads” codons
-tRNA brings over the correct
amino acid
-Amino acids linked to make
a protein
Transcription
Translation
Put the following in the correct
order of appearance in Protein
Synthesis:
DNA, mRNA, ribosome, codon, tRNA,
anti-codon, amino acid, protein
DNA
Transcription
Replication
RNA
Translation
PROTEIN
How you look=
PROTEIN
PHENOTYPE
TRAITS
What genes you have=
GENOTYPE
Mutations are any change in the genetic code:
1. DNA may not replicate properly and the
incorrect base attached
2. There may be a mistake in transcription
3. There may be a mistake in translation
4. There may be too many or too few
chromosomes ( occurs in Meiosis)
5. Parts of chromosomes may be added or
deleted
….there are many causes and types of mutations
Practice Questions
1. Look at the DNA sequence below:
GAA TTC GCA
What do the G and A represent in the DNA
sequence?
a. sugars
b. amino acids
c. phosphates
d. nitrogen bases
2. How many nucleotides are
needed to code for one amino
acid?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
3. Which of these results when one nitrogen
base replaces another in a segment of
genetic material?
a. an enzyme substrate
b. a mutation
c. a feedback loop
d. an adaptation
4. Which is the compliment the the
following DNA AGC-TAC-ACT?
a. UCGAUGUGA
b. AGCTACACT
c. TCGATGTGA
d. TCACATCGA
5. A researcher recently discovered a species of
bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it
and form several other species of bacteria. The
DNA sequences came from the same part of the
bacterial chromosome of each species.
Unknown Species
ACT GCA GCC
Species I
ACA GCG CCG
Species II ACT GCT GGC
Species III ACA GCC GGG
Species IV ACT GCA GCG
According to the data above, the unknown bacteria
are most closely related to which species?
a. Species I
b. Species II
c. Species III
d. Species IV
6. During cell replication, an error may
result in a base pair substitution. Which
of these terms describes the change in
base pair sequence?
a. Cloning
b. Meiosis
c. Mutation
d. translation
7. Which of these describes a mutation that can
be inherited?
a. Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA
b. Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in
smoke
c. A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
d. Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells
8. Which of these are the repeating units
that form a DNA molecule?
a. Fatty acids
b. Nucleotides
c. Amino Acids
d. Chromosomes
9. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red
blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin
contains the following segment:
TGC – GGA – CTC – CTC
Which of these is the messenger RNA
code for this segment of DNA?
a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA
b. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC
c. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG
d. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC
10. Which is a not true of the difference
between DNA and RNA?
a. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single
b. DNA has thymine and RNA has Uracil
c. DNA and RNA can replicate
d. DNA codes for mRNA which in turn codes for
proteins
11. What organelle is necessary for
protein synthesis?
a. mitochondria
b. ribosome
c. vacuole
d. cell membrane
12. What are the repeating units of all
proteins?
a. enzymes
b. amino acids
c. nucleotides
d. monosaccharides