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ANATOMY 019 BRAINSTEM November 4, 2011 Chapter 14: 456 -462 BRAINSTEM: does more than just link the spinal cord and cerebrum -contains control centers for blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, pupil diameter and digestion -cranial nerves for sensory and motor control of head and neck -additional cranial nerves for hearing, balance, taste, vision --“special senses” not classified as autonomic or somatic *smell has no connection to the brainstem THE BRAINSTEM: Controls the daily functions that keep you alive You can live without a cortex; you can’t live without a brainstem!! Main parts: Midbrain: mesencephalon Pons: metencephalon Medulla: myelencephalon JUST LIKE THE SPINAL CORD DORSAL = SENSORY VENTRAL = MOTOR -ventral sides hold on the cranial nerves MEDULLA OBLONGATA Holds pacemaker neurons: Autonomic nuclei: -cardiovascular centers -respiratory rhythmicity centers -vomiting center --monitors toxins, triggers cranial nerves that are responsible for swallowing, making do oppositeVOMIT Holds cranial nerves- VIII, IX, X, XI, XII Olivary nuclei (olive) - motor leering (repetition, like shooting a basketball Pyramids: where coritcospinal tract (carries descending motor info crosses to opposite side of body) Nucleus gracilis – leg Nucleus cuneatus – arm -Sensory info from body (except pain and temperature) crosses after synapsing here before going to the thalamus Trigeminal nucleus (CNV) pain and temp from face PONS How brainstem connects with cerebellum Trigeminal nucleus (CN V) –sensations (not pain) from the face -3 nucleuses, one in each section Nuclei involved with respiration Motor pain sent into cerebellum for coordination Tracts: -descending motor axons from cortex and red nucleus (in midbrain) -Ascending sensory axons from body and face Pons is protuberance with transverse fibers Cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII Cerebellar Peduncles –big bundle of axons Axons linking the cerebellum and brainstem Inferior (ICP) input: unconscious proprioception (relationship of body in space) info from olivary nucleus (motor learning) Middle (MCP) Input: Motor info from cortex for coordination, forms transverse fibers that give pons its shape Superior (SCP) Output: TO red nucleus and thalamus to correct motor actions Cerebellar Peduncles Inferior peduncle, can’t be labeled Only one blood vessel – gives blood supply to both sides MIDBRAIN Reticular activating system (RAS) –critical for maintain consciousness -when this shuts down: lose consciousness -decerebrate = brainstem injury = BAD Substantia nigra – dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease Cerebral Peduncles Cortex: Motor axons going to: -Spinal Cord -Brainstem cranial nerve nuclei -Pons (then to cerebellum) -Olivary nucleus (motor learning) Red nucleus- innervates upper extremity flexor muscles Cranial Nerves: III, IV Superior and Inferior Colliculi = Tectum (“roof”) Superior colliculi -visual tracking of objects Inferior Colliculi -auditory localization TRANSMITTER PROJECTIONS FROM THE BRAINSTEM TO THE CORTEX Dopamine from the Substantia nigra -Involved in movement- Parkinson’s disease drug cravings and psychosis Norepinephrine from the Locus Ceruleus -Involved in sleep and mood Serotonin from the Raphe -Involved in control of mood, sleep and feeding