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ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10/31/12 Happy Halloween The Brainstem does more than just link the spinal cord and cerebrum Autonomic control of blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, pupil diameter and digestion Cranial nerves: sensory & motor control of head/neck Special sense nerves for hearing, balance, taste, vision Maintains consciousness! Controls the daily functions that keep you alive; you can live without a cortex, you can’t live without a brainstem! Main parts: o Midbrain mesencephalon o Pons metencephalon o Medulla myelencephalon Just like the Spinal Cord o Dorsal = Sensory o Ventral = Motor Medulla oblongata Autonomic nuclei: o Cardiovascular centers o Respiratory rhythmicity centers o Vomiting center Cranial nerves – VIII, IX, X, XI, XII Olivary nucleus (olive) – motor learning Pyramids – where corticospinal tract (carries descending motor info) crosses to opposite side of body Nucleus gracilis – leg Nucleus cuneatus – arm o Sensory info from body (except pain & temperature) crosses after synapsing here before going to the thalamus Trigeminal nucleus (CN V) o Pain and temp from face Pons Trigeminal nucleus (CN V) – sensations (not pain) from the face Motor plan sent into cerebellum for coordination Tracts o Descending motor axons from cortex and red nucleus (in midbrain) o Ascending sensory axons from body AND face Cranial nerves – V, VI, VII, VIII Cerebellar Peduncles axons linking the cerebellum & brainstem Inferior Input (ICP) – unconscious proprioception info (what you are doing) o Info from olivary nucleus (motor learning) Middle Input (MCP) – motor info from cortex for coordination (what you WANT to do!) o Forms transverse fibers that gives pons its shape Superior Output (SCP) – To nucleus & thalamus to correct motor actions (fix bad motor plan) Midbrain Reticular activating system (RAS) – critical for maintaining consviousness Substantia nigra – dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease Cerebral Peduncles: Cortex motor axons going to: o Spinal cord; brainstem cranial nerve nuclei; Pons (then to cerebellum); olivary nucleus (motor learning) Red Nucleus: innervate upper extremity flexor muscles Cranial nerves – III, IV Superior + Inferior Colliculi = Tectum (‘roof’) Superior colliculi Visual tracking of objects Inferior colliculi auditory localization Most of the Neurotransmitters for the Cerebrum are made in the Brainstem! Dopamine from the substantia nigra involved in movement – Parkinson’s disease, drug, cravings and psychosis Norepinephrine Involved in sleep and mood Serotonin Involved in control of mood, sleep and feeding