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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. HIPPO CAMPUS Hippocampus: The Seahorse Surrounding areas of hippocampus (Clark, 2006) Perirhinal, Entorhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices Hippocampus Malfunctions • • • • • Severe anterograde amnesia Mild retrograde amnesia Problems navigating space Seizures Early Alzheimer’s Disease Hippocampus Functions • • • • • • Consolidation of STM to LTM Spatial and contextual memory Episodic memory Declarative memory Detection of novel stimuli Neurogenesis Spatial Navigation Spatial Navigation (cont.) Volume of hippocampus Time as London taxi driver Age Differences in Maintenance Processes 1400 Older Younger Reaction Time 1200 1000 800 600 Memory Load (Anders, Fozard & Lillyquist, 1972) Age differences increase with increasing memory set size L R L R Rypma, Prabhakaran, Desmond, & Gabrieli, 2001 Psychology and Aging Parahippocampus Trace Hippocampus Link DG Entorhinal cortex CA3 CA1 SUB Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes) Hippocampal model • Relating hippocampal structure to episodic memory function • Mode shifting between storage and retrieval through novelty detection • Population dynamics DG CA3 Entorhinal cortex CA1 Parahippocampal model • Relates parahippocampal structure to episodic memory function • Sensory integration • ‘Object’ & ‘Context’ input • Retrieval mechanisms – free recall – cued recall – recognition Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes) subiculum CA1 Dentate gyrus CA3 Trisynaptic Circuit Circuit of Hippocampus Proper Fimbria fornix (to mammillary bodies) Hippocampus Cells Pyramidal Cells Place cells in hippocampus map out the environment Place cells respond as a function of external cues Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity • Short-term plasticities – Facilitation (paired pulse facilitation): 100-200 ms; increased Ca++ increased p(NT release) – Post-tetanic potentiation: 5-10 sec – Depression: hundreds of ms – few minutes; caused by repetitive stimulation causing a decrease in p(NT release). Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity (cont.) • Long-term plasticities – Short-term potentiation/depression – Long-term potentiation/depression LTP is a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy that can be rapidly induced Bliss and Lomo, 1973 NMDA Receptor • “Detects” simultaneous events (“AND” gate) • Gated by combination of voltage and ligand – Glu + Gly opens channel to Ca ++, – Magnesium (Mg++) block removed by membrane depolarization • Mediates learning and memory via LTP (long term potentiation) – Involved in process of addiction; behavioral sensitization, and drug craving Learning Induced Changes in Dendrites Effects of Increased NMDA Receptors