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Central Dogma Protein Synthesis What does the term “Central Dogma” mean? Flow of Genetic Information DNA RNA PROTEIN Explanation of Flow • DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein. • Protein is never back-translated to RNA or DNA; DNA is never created from RNA. • Furthermore, DNA is never directly translated to protein. Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Capacity to store genetic information, copy it, and pass it from generation to generation. Ribonucleic Acid RNA • RNA is a temporary intermediary between DNA and the protein making factories, the ribosomes. Ribonucleic Acid RNA • RNA serves to carry information from the genome, located in the nucleus of the cell, to the ribosomes, which are located outside of the nucleus either in the cytosol or on the endoplasmic reticulum Proteins • Proteins could be viewed as the programs of the cell • They are the physical representation of the abstract information contained within the genome. How does DNA relate to genes? • A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein. 1 Gene = 1000’s of base pairs 41000 possibilities of combinations Gene Overview of DNA Replication Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break and the DNA molecule “unzips”. DNA Replication Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other. Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell match up with each side of the “unzipped” DNA. Each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a new strand. DNA Replication Start and Finish RNA Differs from DNA • • • • • • RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose RNA contains the base uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded Protein Synthesis What happens to DNA during Protein Synthesis? • Transcription makes an RNA molecule complementary to a portion of DNA • Translation occurs when the sequence of bases of mRNA DIRECTS the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide Three Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information to the ribosomes • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes • Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized DNA Strand Transcription Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break; DNA “unzips” Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other Hydrogen Bonds breaking Transcription Step 3: RNA nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the “unzipped” DNA each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a mRNA strand RNA nucleotide Transcription Step 4: RNA nucleotides continue to match up with “unzipped” DNA until the message is completely transcribed mRNA strand One side of DNA strand Transcription mRNA strand Step 4: mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand One side of DNA strand Transcription Step 5: mRNA strand leaves the nucleus for the ribosome Nucleus ribosomes mRNA