* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Infant Physical Development2016
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Binding problem wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Vocabulary development wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Muscle memory wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Impact of health on intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Physical Growth and Development OT 500 Spring 2016 Cephalocaudal Development ◦ Upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body Proximodistal Development ◦ Trunk outward – from body’s central axis toward periphery Differentiation ◦ Tendency of behavior to become more specific and distinct Weight doubles at about 5 months; triples by first birthday Height increase by 50% in first year Infants grow 4 to 6 inches in second year; and gain 4 to 7 pounds Growth for the most part appears continuous but actually it occurs in spurts Figure 5.1 Children’s heads are proportionately larger than adults’ ◦ Cephalocaudal development Changes in proportion of arms and legs Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood Causes may be organic or non-organic Biologically based or non-biologically based ◦ Marasmus; Condition related to FTT; Diet low in essential nutrition Linked to physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems Deficiencies in caregiver-child interaction may play a role Canalization – catch up growth once FTT is resolved Infants require breast milk or iron fortified formula Solid foods may be introduced about 4 to 6 months ◦ Iron-enriched cereal, strained fruits, vegetables, and meats Whole cow’s milk delayed until 9 to 12 months ◦ Teething biscuits in later part of first year Choice to breastfeed is influenced by ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Domestic and occupational arrangements Attitudes regarding benefits for bonding and infant health Fear of pain, unease with breastfeeding, and public breastfeeding Community and familial support; Level of education Colostrum early form of breast milk Advantages of breast milk ◦ Conforms to digestion process, possesses needed nutrients with a high level of nutrients into low volume ◦ Contains mother’s antibodies; Protects against childhood lymphoma ◦ Helps protect against infant diarrhea; Is less likely than formula to cause allergies ◦ Helps prevent obesity later in life ◦ Maternal health benefits ◦ Human newborns prefer it; It’s free Disadvantages of breast milk ◦ HIV, alcohol, drugs, and environmental hazards may be transmitted through breast milk ◦ Mother must be adequately nourished ◦ Physical demands on mother Lack of social support Return to work – pumping can be too demanding Stress and mastitis What about mothers who smoke? ◦ No harmful effects on infants have been noted ◦ Can reduce milk supply Neurons are the basic unit of nervous system; they receive and transmit messages; formation of neurons is complete at birth Neurons vary according to function and location; As child matures, neuronal axons grow in length, Dendrites and Axon terminals proliferate so that connections or networks become more complex Myelin makes messages more efficient; myelination occurs with maturation through childhood; Inhibition of myelination results in disease such as multiple sclerosis Figure 5.3 The brain is the command center of organisms Brain of neonate weighs less than one pound; By the child’s first birthday, the brain triples in weight, reaching nearly 70% of adult weight Brain Structures include the ◦ Medulla : heartbeat, respiration ◦ Cerebellum: Maintains balance, control motor behavior, coordinate eye movements with body sensations ◦ Cerebrum: Allows human learning, thought, memory, language Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Growth Spurts in Brain Development ◦ Prenatal - during 4th and 5th months Proliferation of neurons ◦ 25th week prenatal through end of second year after birth Proliferation of dendrites and axon terminals Figure 5.6 At birth, brain areas well myelinated include ◦ Heartbeat and respiration ◦ Sleeping and arousal ◦ Reflex activity Intentional physical activity coincides with myelination Myelination of sensory areas ◦ Hearing – begins about 6th month of pregnancy and continues to age 4 ◦ Vision – begins shortly before full term but develops rapidly Brain development is affected by maturation (nature) and sensory stimulation and motor activity (nurture) ◦ Rats in enriched environment More synapses per neuron ◦ Human infants have more neural connections than adults If activated by experience, connection survives If not activated, connection does not survive ◦ Adequate nutrition is necessary Follows cephalocaudal and proximo-distal patterns Develop postural control , balance and stability; further development of the musculoskeletal system Many infant motor primitive reflex patterns are “Integrated”; replaced by higher level, voluntary controlled movements; Develop automatic reactions like righting, equilibrium, and protective reactions Gross motor skills develop; coordination, muscle strength, endurance, and agility; Fine motor skills including reaching and grasping, hand use, dexterity, visual- motor coordination, bilateral coordination MAJOR MOTOR MILESTONES: Rolling over supine to prone, 3-4 months Rolling over prone to supine 4-6 months Sits up 5-7 months; Belly crawls 5-7 months Crawls on hands and knees 7-9 months Pulls to stands and cruises holding onto something 9-11 months Walks 10-14 months Newborns track objects with eyes but do not reach for them Grasp reflex (dominates until about 3rd month) ◦ Grasp but do not release intentionally Voluntary grasping about 3 months ◦ Ulnar grasp, then radial grasp; gross fisted grasp patterns ◦ Pincer grasp with thumb opposition around 9-13 months ◦ Able to transfer toys from one hand to the other around 4-6 months ◦ Voluntary release with some control around 10-14 months; can stack 2 one inch block around 15 months Visual – motor coordination developing; copy simple horizontal and vertical lines 2-2.5 years of age Figure 5.7 ◦ Walk backwards ◦ Run ◦ Kick a ball ◦ Jump (clearing both feet together) ◦ Jump down from a raised surface ◦ Catch a large ball ◦ Move a push riding toy ◦ Climb up stairs; Climb down stairs ◦ Ride/Pedal a trike ◦ Climb in and out crib ◦ Climb into a car seat Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10 Maturation (nature) ◦ Myelination and differentiation is needed for certain voluntary motor activities Experience (nurture) ◦ Experimentation to achieve milestones ◦ Slight effect in training to accelerate motor skills Reaction range ◦ Limits for the expression of inherited traits Figure 5.11 Neonates are nearsighted ◦ Greatest gains in visual acuity between birth and 6 months ◦ By about 3 to 5 years of age, approximate adult levels Neonates have poor peripheral vision ◦ Perceive stimuli within 30 degree angle ◦ By 7 weeks increases to 45 degrees ◦ By 6 months of age, equal to adult (90 degrees) Neonates attend longer to stripes than blobs ◦ By 8 to 12 weeks, prefer curved lines over straight Infants prefer faces ◦ Discriminate maternal and stranger faces ◦ Prefer attractive faces ◦ Pay most attention to edges ◦ Depth Perception: Develops around 6 months (onset of crawling) Research using the Visual Cliff; Gibson and Walk (1960) show infants will not go off the deep end! Perceptual constancy – perception of object remains stable although sensations may differ under various conditions Size constancy – perception of object’s size remains stable although retinal size may differ due to distance; abilty documented in early infancy Shape constancy – perception of object’s shape remains stable although shape on retina may change due to looking at objects from various perspectives; ability seen as early as 4-5 months of age. Neonates can orient toward direction of a sound ◦ 18 months locate sounds as well as adults Infants exposed to moderate noise levels as background habituate to it and are less likely to waken due to noise By 1 month, infants perceive differences between similar speech sounds By 3½ months discriminate caregivers’ voices Infants perceive most speech sounds present in world languages ◦ By 10 to 12 months, lose capacity to discriminate sounds not found in native language Infants recognize that objects experienced by one sense are the same as those experienced by another ◦ Looked longer at novel items than those previously handled Neonates’ role in perceptual development is largely passive early on Later, a child’s role in perception becomes more active as they gain some control over what they look at, where they go; start to develop interests and preferences so that their attention becomes selective, and irrelevant information ignored Some in-born ways of responding to sensory stimuli; may be some sensitive periods for vision Nature and nurture equally important in perceptual development