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Recombinant DNA technology vocab sorting 2 – probes and fingerprinting DNA probe A short, labelled, single stranded length of DNA. 32P isotope Used to radioactively label DNA probes. Fluorescently labelled probes These emit light when the probe has bound to the target DNA. DNA hybridisation Occurs when the probe binds to the complementary base sequence on the target DNA. Heating DNA This separates it into two strands. Annealing When cooled, the probes are able to bind to the target DNA. DNA sequencing This technique is used to determine the order of bases in our target DNA. PCR This method is used to make multiple copies of a DNA probe. Gene mutation Can cause genetic disorders such as sickle cell anaemia. Array Oncogenes Personalised medicine Genetic counsellor Many different DNA probes can be fixed in a pattern on a glass slide to test simultaneously for many genetic disorders. These mutated genes can be detected by genetic screening and give individuals an idea of their risk of developing cancer. Doctors can provide advice and health care based on an individual’s genotype. Would be able to advise couples with a family history of genetic disorders on the likelihood it could be passed to their children. VNTRs Short, non-coding, repetitive DNA sequences. Gel electrophoresis Separates DNA fragments on the basis of their size. X-ray film Can be used to show the position of radioactively labelled DNA fragments on a gel. Restriction endonucleases Used to cut DNA before electrophoresis.