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Topic 3 & 10: Genetics 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology Understandings 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA. DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA. Applications and Skills Use of DNA profiling in paternity and forensic investigations. Analysis of examples of DNA profiles. Gene transfer to bacteria using plasmids makes use of restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase. Assessment of the potential risks and benefits associated with genetic modification of crops. Analysis of data on risks to monarch butterflies of Bt crops. 3.5.4 Genetic modification is carried out be gene transfer between species. 3.5.5 Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell. Many plant species and some animal species have Design of an experiment to assess one factor natural methods of cloning. affecting the rooting of stem-cuttings. Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells. Methods have been developed for cloning adult Production of cloned embryos produced by animals using differentiated cells. somatic-cell nuclear transfer. Cambridge University Press – Biology for the IB Diploma 3.5 – pages 124-133 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8