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7-2: Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Biology 1
Eukaryotic
Cell Parts
• Eukaryotic cells have many
specialized organs called
organelles
• ORGANELLES: specialized
structure that performs
important cellular functions
within a eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic
Cell Parts
• Cell Biologists divide
eukaryotic cells into 2 parts:
– NUCLEUS (plural-nuclei): the
center of the atom which
contains the protons and
neutrons; in cells, structure that
contains the cell's genetic
material (DNA) and controls the
cell's activities
– CYTOPLASM: material inside the
cell membrane—not including
the nucleus
Nucleus
• Nucleus contains all cell’s DNA
and instructions for making
proteins and other important
molecules
– Surrounded by nuclear envelope
• Middle: chromatin (later used
to make chromosomes)
• Center: Nucleolus is where
making ribosomes begin
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are responsible for
making proteins
• Small pieces of RNA and
protein found in the
cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is
where lipids for membranes
are made, proteins and other
materials are sent out to the
cell
• ROUGH ER: is attached to the
outside of the nucleus
– Packages/ships proteins to cell
• SMOOTH ER: is attached to
Rough ER
– Makes lipids for membranes and
“detoxifies” cells
Golgi
Apparatus
• Golgi Apparatus is responsible
for changing, sorting and
packaging proteins/materials
for storage or disposal
• Golgi Apparatus is “last stop”
before items are stored or
sent out of the cell
Lysosome
• Lysosomes are small
organelles filled with enzymes
that clean up the cell
• “Eats” (breaks down) lipids,
carbs and proteins to be used
by the cell later
• Also break down old/broken
organelles inside cell
Vacuole
• Vacuole is a large “sac” used
for storage in the cell
– Stores water, salt, proteins, carbs,
etc
• Plant cells have HUGE
vacuoles that take up most
space in the cell
• Animal cells have smaller
vacuoles used to store
important molecules for
certain parts of the body
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are responsible
for changing food into energy
for cells
• Have 2 types of membranes:
inner and outer
• Inner membrane has LOTS of
folds for more chemical
reactions
• Found in plant AND animal
cells
Chloroplast
• Chloroplasts are responsible
for trapping sunlight and
changing into energy
• Have 2 membranes: inner and
outer
• Inner membranes are shaped
like “coins” and stacked
together tightly