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Science 9th grade
LEARNING UNIT
What makes up everything
around us?
S/K
LEARNING OBJECT
What changes can be observed through
evolutionary history when analyzing the nervous
system of animals?
SKILL 1: Identify the types of nervous systems
featured in animals.
SKILL 2: Summarize the characteristics of each
of the nervous systems of animals.
SKILL 3: Inquire about the occurrence of the first
systems of stimuli detection in animals.
SKILL 4: Illustrate and compare the different
nervous systems from protists to animals.
SKILL 5: Relate the phylogeny of animals with
the structure of their nervous systems.
Language
English
Socio cultural context of
the LO
Curricular axis
Colombia
Standard competencies
Compare organ systems of different taxonomic
groups.
Background Knowledge
General knowledge in cell biology and biological
systems.
English Review topic
Yes/No Questions
Vocabulary box
Prick: a puncture made by a needle, thorn, or the
like.
living environment, Science, Technology and
Society
Latter: being the second mentioned of two
Newborn: recently or only just born
Branches: any member or part of a body or
system; a section or subdivision
Kinship: relationship by nature, qualities, etc.;
affinity.
Clusters: a number of things of the same kind,
growing or held together; a bunch
Resume: to continue.
NAME: _________________________________________________
GRADE: ________________________________________________
Introduction
Sometimes, when someone pricks a finger with a needle, the immediate
reaction is to remove it to avoid further damage. When a person
receives an impact on the elbow, he or she will feel a “shock”, an
uncomfortable feeling going up the arm.
Such situations are characterized by a perception and an immediate
reaction of the individual to a stimulus. The nervous system is
responsible for providing this function.
This system functions as a communication mechanism, which is present
in animals (from jellyfish to mammals). It has evolved to quickly capture
and process signals acting on the person. It consists of neurons that
transmit nerve and electrical impulses, to transfer responses quickly and
effectively
A stimulus (prick) generates a motor and immediate response by the
nervous system. This response is transmitted by electrical and nerve
impulses that go from the affected area to the brain. The brain
generates a rapid and effective response (removing the finger).
In vertebrates, the nervous system is responsible for coordination and
control over the other organs and it is quick to generate responses. In
newborn babies such system is ready, responding to stimuli and
generating responses such as crying.
Objectives
•
To identify the different types of nervous systems, present in
individuals of the animal kingdom.
•
To analyze the appearance of the nervous system in nature as an
evolutionary mechanism that generated adaptive advantages in
different animals.
•
To recognize that the nervous system is directly influenced by
environmental stimuli.
•
To infer the change of the nervous system in some organisms over
geologic time.
•
To ask and answer questions as a tool to share results in class
ACTIVITY 1
SKILL 1: Identify the types of nervous systems featured in animals.
SKILL 4: Illustrate and compare the different nervous systems from
protists to ¡animals.
Nervous System of Animals
Introduction
Situations like thinking, studying, feeling or "being nervous" before an
exam help understand the existence of the nervous system. This
generates control over situations and provides appropriate responses, at
the right time, after receiving stimulus from the environment. (Figure
1(1)).
Protists react to stimuli from the environment without having nervous
structures, only cilia (Figure 1(2)).
There is a ventral nervous system in invertebrate animals. These
organisms contain four Phyla: Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish),
Flatworm (flatworms), Arthropoda (insects). (Figure 1(3)) Vertebrates
have a dorsal nervous system, subphylum Vertebrata (human) (Figure
1(4)).
Figure 1. Nervous system of animals. PEGUI Design.
Sponges have no nervous system due to their simplicity. They react to
physical-chemical stimuli, changing the water flow inside their body.
Jellyfish have a network of sensory cells. Flatworms have a pair of nodes
in the head, connected to nerve cords that connect their body. Mollusks
have five cerebral ganglia and two nervous cord glands. Arthropods
have a pair of dorsal ganglionic roots in the head, connected to a pair of
nerve fibers and a ganglion per segment that crosses their body with
sensory cells (Figure 4).
Jellyfish can be seen on the Colombian coasts. These jellyfish might
“sting” if they feel threatened (stimuli) by their surroundings.
Chordates have a structure of specialized nerve cells (brain) and a nerve
cord (spinal cord) descending through the column and branches. Figure
2.
Figure 2. Different types of nervous systems from the five animal Phyla.
Development
The first cells capable of transmitting signals and generating responses
in different organisms that possess them appeared from the simplicity of
the early nervous systems that emerged and subsequent specialization
of the different cells that make up a living organism, appeared. Neurons
are the cells that make up the nervous system; they connect forming
fully organized networks known as nerve tissue.
In Colombia it is possible to find different invertebrates, mainly in
aquatic environments such as oceans (Atlantic and Pacific), marshes
(such as the Virgen in Bolivar) and lagoons (like the Cocha in Nariño),
among other bodies of water.
Did you know that...?
During a day, the brain is capable of generating the required electricity
to light a 25 Watt lightbulb.
Learning activity
The purpose of this activity is to identify the understanding of students
on the types of nervous systems (ventral and dorsal) of animals.
Instructions:
1. Chose True (T) or False (F), as appropriate.
2. Write down the answers in your notebook.
A. The dorsal nervous system can be found in flatworms ( ).
B. Neurons are the specialized cells of the nervous system ( ).
C. Mollusks are vertebrates that have a ventral nerve cord ( ).
D. A dorsal nervous system can be found in protists organisms ( ).
E. The nerve cord in chordates branches and extensions are
spread throughout the body ( ).
3. Compare your results with five classmates. Take turns to ask and
answer questions. For example:
Question: What do you have for A? Can the dorsal nervous system be
found in flatworms?
Answer: The dorsal nervous system…
Development
Different individuals in the animal kingdom have created increasingly
specialized structures, able to promote and generate immediate
responses to stimuli from the environment. For this reason, they have
developed a system capable of processing all the messages coming from
their surroundings, in order to generate an appropriate response
depending on the stimulus or signal received. In this way, the different
animal species have been able to achieve an effective process of
survival to the threads of the environment around them.
ACTIVITY 2
SKILL 2: Summarize the characteristics of each of the nervous systems
of animals.
Main characteristics of the nervous systems
Introduction
All individuals respond to environmental stimuli. For example, light
sometimes makes you close the pupils of your eyes. Protozoa
(unicellular) do not have specialized cells, only displacement structures
(cilia) to move in the water, in response to stimuli.
Poriferans do not have nerve cells. They react to physical and chemical
stimuli, changing the water flow inside their body.
Cnidarians have a cellular network that allows them to respond
particularly to tactile stimuli.
Flatworms: present primitive cephalization with cords and nodes in the
front, composed of neurons that run throughout all their body, segment
by segment .
Mollusks: have three pairs of nodes connected by transverse and
longitudinal nerves. They have eyes, chemoreceptors and statocysts .
Arthropods have sensory and motor neurons which are concentrated in
three pairs of ganglia and two ventral nerve cords along the body. They
also have specialized sensory structures (eyes, antennae and specialized
receptors).
Chordates (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals): There is a larger size and
extension of the system, with folded neurons in the brain, protected by
the skull. And a dorsal nerve cord, protected by vertebrae and reaching
the whole body.
Content development
The first thing developed in any animal embryo is the nervous system,
so at birth all animals have a nervous system ready to face
environmental stimuli. For example, the defense mechanisms against
predators of octopuses found on the Colombian coasts; they secrete ink
to confuse the enemy and then disappear quickly.
Did you know that...?
The brain cannot feel pain because there are no pain receptors in this
structure.
Learning activity
The purpose of this activity is to identify and expand the most important
terms associated with different nervous systems in animals. So you can
expand your knowledge about the different types of nervous systems of
animals (presented in this unit) and their characteristics.
Instructions:
1. Create a Word Search that includes words related to the vertebrate
and invertebrate nervous system:
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Neurons
Ganglia
Nerve cord
Ventral
Stimulus
Dorsal
Protist
Sponge
Jellyfish
Flatworm
Mollusk
Arthropod
Chordates
Mammal
Note: Express the meaning of 5 of these words orally.
2. Remember to include the words you must find and those that might
be familiar below the Word Search. Once completed, give it to a
classmate.
3. After finishing step 2, express the 5 chosen words with your
classmates orally.
Hint: To create a Word Search locate the words in any order you want;
from left to right or top to bottom, and vice versa.
Development and conclusion
Different structures have generated the existence of a specific and
generalized nervous system function in all animals.
Cephalization has promoted the existence of a central body (brain)
capable of processing signals and generating responses associated with
different stimuli received by the individual. Such brain has favored the
connection of the whole body of the individual to it, through specialized
structures like nerve fibers that transmit signals in the same way that
responses are sent and processed by the brain.
ACTIVITY 3
SKILL 5: Relate the phylogeny of animals with the structure of their
nervous systems.
Evolution of the nervous system
Introduction
Hearing the alarm clock, smelling something delicious, or feeling a
caress are evidence that the nervous system is specialized: perceives
various stimuli at the same time and responds to each stimulus
differently; this demonstrates evolutionary advantages.
The first individuals that generated responses to environmental stimuli
were the Protozoa, with their cilia, reacting to stimuli and changing their
movement.
The tendency of the invertebrates was to concentrate the nervous
system in the anterior region, where brain cells are created.
Later, the evolutionary trend was towards the formation of a nervous
cord, capable of connecting the brain to the rest of the body.
From the point of view of kinship (phylogeny), individuals who have a
nervous system also have similar structures (such as cats and jaguars),
where neurons connect and form a brain, transmitting answers via a
nerve cord to the whole body. These structures evolved from simple
organisms (sponges) and then specialized (mammals).
As unicellular individuals began to evolve over millions of years, the
formation of multicellular individuals took place. They began to create
characteristic divisions on the functionality of the cells. That is, they
specialized and began to "distribute" their functions to the point that it
was an evolutionary success, because these divisions generated
different systems that can be found in most individual animals (nervous,
digestive, respiratory, circulatory, etc.). For this reason, evolutionary
advantages were generated compared to individuals who did not create
divisions
Not only similar structures were developed, but new species appeared
with very similar characteristics to each other. This is the case of cats,
the bobcat and the jaguar, and similar feline species.
•
Elephants have the biggest brains in the animal kingdom.
•
Octopuses have all of their senses well developed, expect for their
hearing, since they are completely deaf.
Learning activity
This activity is intended to strengthen the concept of evolution in the
nervous systems, using the suggested reading, including information
from the detection system for primitive stimuli in paramecium, to
complex nervous system in chordates.
To complete this activity successfully, it is necessary to review the unit
contents completely, and understand the examples and visual aids
proposed.
Instructions:
Complete the suggested Reading with a classmate. (Evolución del
sistema nervioso, 2016).
After reading and understanding, extract the main idea and write it in
the notebook. Write a paragraph with only three lines maximum.
Consider the following words: neuron, invertebrates and vertebrates.
When the paragraph is ready, one of the students will read it to the
class.
Evolución del sistema nervioso: Retrieved from: ZonaActiva (2016).
Source:
http://voluntad.com.co/zonactiva/images/pdfampliacion/ciencias_natura
les/noveno/za_evolucionsistema_c909.pdf
Hint: Remember that the nervous system of invertebrates is less
developed than the nervous system of vertebrates.
Development and conclusion
Early detection systems are primitive stimuli, giving greater relevance to
the cilia in protists, which helped generate movement in such individuals
to be able to move faster in response to any environmental stimulus.
Subsequently, a primitive nervous system appears in invertebrates of
reticular type, such as the system of jellyfish. Evolutionarily, this system
(lymph nodes) specialized from flatworms to arthropods, and nodes
appeared (clusters of neurons). Nodes are distributed in all the
segments of the body.
Subsequently, a brain nervous system appears, as in mammals, where a
large brain has a nervous cord, which descends and is protected through
vertebras in a dorsal bony column.
Summary
The nervous system is composed of specialized cells called neurons,
which are responsible for transmitting electrical and nerve impulses to
transfer answers quickly and effectively.
This system works as a communication mechanism, present in animals
(from jellyfish to mammals) in response to stimuli in the environment.
Protozoa (unicellular) do not have specialized cells, they only have
displacement structures (cilia) which work to move in the water.
There is a ventral nervous system in invertebrates:
Sponges do not have a nervous system, but react to physical-chemical
stimuli.
Jellyfish have a network of sensory cells.
Flatworms have a pair of nodes in the head, connected to nerve cords
that extend across their body.
Mollusks have five cerebral ganglia and two nervous cords glands.
Arthropods have a pair of dorsal root ganglia in the head, connected to a
pair of nerve fibers, and a ganglion per segment and sensory cells.
Vertebrates have a ventral nervous system, as in chordates, with a brain
and spinal cord down the column in ramifications.
Based on phylogeny, individuals who have a nervous system have
similar structures: Neurons are connected and form a brain, which
transmits their responses through nerve cords all over the body. These
structures evolved from simple organisms and specialized in mammals
for greater protection, increased size and functions.
Homework
To develop the following activity, students have to consider the contents
studied in unit 2. If necessary, it is a good idea to clarify the different
content with the teacher or resume activities in the same unit.
The objective of this activity is to expand knowledge of the nervous
system in mammals demonstrating nervous stimuli in a human being.
Instructions:
1. Organize students in groups of four.
2. Each group should prepare a video clip, no more than five minutes
long, using some technological device (cell phone, tablet, camera).
3. Students must use their voices to narrate in the video.
4. With your classmates, explain and record -in creative and illustrative
manner- situations where nerve stimulation (reflexes) becomes
apparent in humans. To do this, you might simulate a medical consult
where a patient will have their reflexes tested on different parts of the
body.
5. Upload the video on YouTube to show your classmates.
Students also can use the following links for support on the topic:
•
Sistema nervioso: Los reflejos: Tomado de: Espert, (2011).
Retrieved from:
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgxdas_sistema-nervioso-losreflejos_school
•
Cómo funciona el sistema nervioso: Hernández, (2010). Retrieved
from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KU0j40eVWLU
•
El arco reflejo y el acto reflejo: Peña, (2010) Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ihMQDZbrxo
•
SISTEMA NERVIOSO--LOS REFLEJOS: Tene, (2013). Retrieved
from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvaAUVKvB7U
EVALUATION
To do this evaluation you must completely revise the learning object to
demonstrate understanding of the different contents studied in the three
units worked. Otherwise, completely review the various activities and
the corresponding task.
Instructions:
The following is a test that attempts to assess student performance with
reference to the module seen through ten basic questions. This test is in
turn subdivided into different types of questions: 1.) True or False
questions; 2) Multiple-choice questions; and 3) a matching exercise.
To complete the evaluation, it is imperative to understand all the
content presented along the LO.
I. CHOOSE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F), AS APPROPRIATE.
a) Neurons are specialized nerve cells that form the nervous system
in animals. ( )
b) Protists have neurons. ( )
c) Mollusks have specialized structures such as ganglia. ( )
d) Chordates have a ventral nervous system. ( )
II. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER FROM THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS.
Specialized structures in protists that allow them to react to a stimulus,
are called:
A. pores
B. neurons
C. cilia
D. ganglia
The type of neurons arthropods have are:
A. ganglionic and dorsal
B. motor and sensory
C. sensitive and ciliary
D. motor and flagellar
The nervous cord in chordates is protected by:
A. vertebras
B. skull
C. cilia
D. cartilage
III. MATCH THE CONCEPTS ON THE LEFT TO THE CONCEPTS ON
THE RIGHT. WRITE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER IN THE
PARENTHESIS:
A. Phylogeny
Invertebrates ( )
B. Ventral nervous system
Kinship ( )
C. Peripheral nervous system
Mammals ( )
Bibliography
Belmar, J. (2016). Las drogas:
http://www7.uc.cl/sw_educ/neurociencias/html/frame01.html
[Retrieved on April, 9 2016].
Campellone, J. (2016). Sistema nervioso central y sistema nervioso
periférico: MedlinePlus enciclopedia médica illustración:
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/esp_imagepages/86
79.htm [Retrieved on April 7, 2016].
Curiosoando. (2014) ¿Qué es un paramecio?:
https://curiosoando.com/que-es-un-paramecio [Retrieved on April 4,
2016].
Domingo, P. (2016). El enigma del cerebro humano: Como funciona el
cerebro humano: http://www.elorigendelhombre.com/enigma%20del
%20cerebro.html [Retrieved on April 7, 2016].
Espert, R. (2011). Sistema nervioso: Los reflejos - Vìdeo Dailymotion:
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgxdas_sistema-nervioso-losreflejos_school [Retrieved on April 10, 2016].
García, J. (2015). Ciencias de Joseleg: El sistema nervioso en algunos
invertebrados. Cienciasdejoseleg.blogspot.com.co:
http://cienciasdejoseleg.blogspot.com.co/2015/06/el-sistema-nerviosoen-algunos.html [Retrieved on April 6, 2016].
Hernández, M. (2010). Cómo funciona el sistema nervioso Educación
primaria y secundaria Educación Practicopedia com2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KU0j40eVWLU [Retrieved on April
10, 2016].
M.exam-10.com. (2016). Relación entre sistema nervioso y sistema
endocrino: http://m.exam-10.com/medicina/2491/index.html [Retrieved
on March 28, 2016].
Practibiofuentezuelas (2015). Biología aplicada.
http://practibiofuentezuelas20144esoa4.blogspot.com.co/2015_01_01_
archive.html [Retrieved on April 7, 2016].
Peña, R. (2012). El arco reflejo y el acto reflejo:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ihMQDZbrxo [Retrieved on April
10, 2016].
Sakarya, O., Armstrong, K., Adamska, M., Adamski, M., Wang, I., Tidor,
B., Degnan, B., Oakley, T. and Kosik, K. (2007). A Post-Synaptic
Scaffold at the Origin of the Animal Kingdom. PLoS ONE, 2(6), 506.
http://m.exam-10.com/medicina/2491/index.html [Retrieved on March
28, 2016].
Tene, C. (2013). SISTEMA NERVIOSO--LOS REFLEJOS---:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvaAUVKvB7U [Retrieved on April
10, 2016].
Wikiwand. (2016). Sistema nervioso Wikiwand:
http://www.wikiwand.com/es/Sistema_nervioso [Retrieved on April 2,
2016].
ZonaActiva. (2016). Evolución del sistema nervioso:
http://voluntad.com.co/zonactiva/images/pdfampliacion/ciencias_natura
les/noveno/za_evolucionsistema_c909.pdf [Retrieved on April 9, 2016].
GLOSSARY
Cilia: specialized structures of movement in eukaryotic cells
Statocyst: equilibrium organs of invertebrates.
Stimulus: signal emitted from an internal or external means that
generates a response.
Phylogeny: kinship or type of relationship between different species.
Ganglia: structures made of groups of nerve cells.
Spinal cord: nervous structure that comes from the brain and its
ramifications reach all the parts of a living organism.
Motor neurons: nerve cells specialized in the central nervous system.
Sensory neurons: nerve cells specialized in transforming external
stimuli into internal stimuli.
Phylum: taxonomic classification of living organisms.
Protozoa: Eukaryotic unicellular organisms from the Protista kingdom.
Chemoreceptor: receptor for chemical signals.