Download 26.1 and 26.2 Notes - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate

26.1 and 26.2 DNA Cloning & Biotechnology Products
1. Define
a. Genome: Full set of genetic information of a species or a virus
b. Genetic Engineering: Alteration of genomes for medical or industrial purposes
2. Cloning:
a. May be whole-organism cloning
i. Complete organism reproduction through asexual means
ii. E.g. Identical twins, “Dolly” the sheep
b. Gene Cloning
i. Production of many identical copies of a single gene
ii. Used to produce the gene’s protein product (e.g. insulin), or to alter the
phenotype of an individual
iii. Gene therapy: When cloned genes are used to modify a human
iv. Transgenic organisms: organisms with foreign DNA or genes inserted into
them (often used to benefit humans)
a. Transgenic Bacteria (e.g. can create frost-resistant
strawberries)
b. Transgenic Plants (e.g. the “pomato”)
c. Transgenic Animals (e.g. gene “pharming”: transgenic
cloned goats used to produce human growth hormone in
their milk)
v. Common DNA cloning methods:
1. Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
3. DNA cloning methods:
a. rDNA (recombinant DNA) produces a human gene product (e.g. insulin)using
human gene and bacterial plasmid (a circular accessory rings of DNA from
bacteria that are not part of the bacterial chromosome and are capable of selfreplicating)
Steps include:
i. restriction enzyme cleaves bacterial DNA (which is a circular plasmid)
ii. DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid
iii. Host cell takes up recombined plasmid
iv. Gene cloning occurs and copies of the human gene product are produced
v. E.g. insulin produced through rDNA technology using the bacterial
plasmid DNA and human insulin gene
b. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
i. Produces many identical copies of DNA in a laboratory
ii. Starts with one copy of DNA and creates millions of copies
iii. Allows tiny sample of DNA to be replicated millions of times for forensic
use (only a very small original sample is needed)
4. DNA Analysis:
a. DNA “fingerprints” are obtained by breaking up DNA at sites that are unique for
each individual
b. The lengths of each fragment are therefore unique and serve as “fingerprints
c. Current method of obtaining fragments: Short tandem repeat (STR)
i. STRs are short sequences of DNA bases that recur several times (e.g.
GATAGATAGATA)
ii. These occur at unique loci (locations) for each individual
iii. The more STR loci used, the more conclusive your evidence
Complete p. 528 #1-2
Read p.530 and complete p.530 #1-3
Complete p.531 #2