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How to Use this program: Read this Lesson Answer ALL TEST questions. Check your answers Be sure to sign and date the test sheet. Take as much time as you need. Lesson 14 The Nervous System In this chapter... you will learn about: • The nervous system. • Some common problems of the nervous system. Definitions Aphasia: Loss of language or verbal communication. Chronic Brain Large areas of the brain stop functioning, causing memory Syndrome Alzheimer's loss, fear and poor judgment. Type Dementia): Dementia: Mental deterioration, loss of ability to think clearly. Equilibrium: Balance. Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side of the body. Hemisphere: Half of a round mass of tissue. Linear: Following in order along a line. Neurons: Specialized cells of the nervous system. Definitions continued…….. Definitions continued... Parkinson's Disease: Disorder of the nervous system resulting in body stiffness and shakiness. Peripheral: Away from the center of something. Reflexes: Automatic responses to stimulation. Spatial: Oriented in space. Stroke (Cerebral Vascular Accident or CVA): Sudden stoppage of the blood supply to an area of the brain. Vertebrae: Bones of the spine. The Nervous System The nervous system is the control and communication center for the body. It causes all the other body systems to function. It enables you to see, hear, feel, talk, smell, taste, move, think, and remember. The nervous system is made of: 1. The brain, which has three main parts. 2. The spinal cord, which extends from the brain dawn your spinal column. 3. Peripheral nerves, that extend outward from the brain and spinal column and carry messages to and from all parts of the body. These three parts work together to control and coordinate all body activities. The Nervous System Brain The brain fits inside our skull and weighs about three pounds in an adult. The soft, wavy material we associate with the word brain is called the cerebrum or cerebral cortex. This is the largest part of the brain, and it controls all the functions associated with thinking and voluntary activity. Deciding to walk across the room is a voluntary activity. Sitting beneath the cerebrum, or top part of the brain, in the back of the skull is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in coordinating voluntary movements and helps maintain equilibrium. The Nervous System Brain Beneath the cerebrum is the midbrain. This section connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and carries messages to and from the cerebral cortex. It also controls all the involuntary functions of the body, such as breathing, peristalsis in your intestine, and heartbeat. You don't have to think about these activities; they happen automatically. The Nervous System Brain Scientists have learned that the cerebrum contains specific areas which control specific functions. The main division is into right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and is usually the site of the centers for spatial and creative functions. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and, for most people, it is the site of speech and linear thought. These hemispheres look basically the same. Each is divided into lobes which are the sites of specific functions: The Nervous System Brain 1. Frontal lobes - area of speech, reason, thought and. the motor area directing actions. 2. Parietal. lobes - sensations of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature change. 3. Occipital lobes - sight. 4: Temporal lobes - hearing and. the .sense of smell. The Nervous System Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerves, like a cable, that carries messages to and from . the brain. It is connected to the medulla and runs down the spine inside the vertebrae to the hip area. In addition to relaying messages, the spinal cord is the center for reflexes. These are automatic responses to stimulation. You don't have to think about taking your hand off a hot stove; when your hand jerks back, it is a reflex action. The Nervous System Peripheral Nerves The information relayed by the spinal cord comes from and is sent to nerves running to all parts of the body. If you stub your toe, this information travels from your toe, up your leg to the spinal cord which tells your brain that your toe hurts. The cells of the nervous system are called neurons. Neurons are different from other cells because it is believed that they do not reproduce themselves. Even if neurons are not replaced when they die, this should not seriously affect functions since we each have billions of neurons in our nervous system. The Nervous System Phrenic Nerve Sciatic Cerebrum Cerbellum Spinal Cord Radial Femoral The Nervous System Age-Related Changes The loss of neurons does not mean that there is a loss of intelligence. Intellectual abilities can increase as people age if they continue to use their brains. There is a general slowing of nervous system function as a person ages, just as all other physical systems tend to function more slowly. When this happens gradually, as in normal aging, the brain can adapt. When damage occurs more quickly, such as in some diseases, the brain may not be able to adapt and greater changes in function and thought processes may occur. The Nervous System Diseases of the Nervous System Many diseases affect the central nervous system and can disrupt the message system between the brain and the body. Some of these diseases are: The Nervous System Diseases of the Nervous System Stroke (Cerebral Vascular Accident or CVA). This is a disease of the circulatory system which affects brain function. It is caused by a blood clot or bleeding in the brain which destroys brain tissue. A stroke often affects the part of the brain controlling movement, and the client may be paralyzed on one side. This is called hemiplegia. Strokes can also affect the speech centers and the client may have aphasia. The aphasia may affect the ability to produce speech, to speak intelligently, or to understand speech. The Nervous System Diseases of the Nervous System Parkinson's disease. This is a progressive disease of the brain. It causes the client to have tremors, or shaking; stiff, rigid muscles; a shuffling gait; and general weakness. Intelligence, however, is not affected. Medication often helps ease some of these problems. The Nervous System Diseases of the Nervous System Chronic Brain Syndrome (also called Alzheimer's-Type Dementia). In this condition large areas of neurons cease to function and the client cannot remember what just happened, has poor judgment, and has great fear and anxiety. Clients may forget who family and friends are, how to do simple tasks, and how to care for themselves. These clients need a safe, caring environment. Behavior will change due to diseases of the nervous system. It is important to remember that the disease causes the change. The behavior is not intentional. You will learn more about dealing with Alzheimer's and other dementias in a later chapter. Complete the test and turn in for credit Answer ALL TEST questions. Check your answers Be sure to sign and date the test sheet. This completes the lesson for this month. Information for this lesson was taken from MEDCOM TRAINEX publications