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BIOLOGY 30 UNIT C: CELL DIVISION, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AT THE END OF THIS UNIT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: understand the significance of chromosome numbers in somatic and sex cells (i.e. haploid, diploid, polyploidy) explain the events of the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) explain the process of meiosis (spermatogenesis/oogenesis) and why it is necessary to reduce chromosome number compare mitosis and meiosis explain crossing over and nondisjunction and how they affect inheritance and development compare identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins recognize the chromosome number present in various stages of an alternation of generations life cycle explain that science and technology are developed to meet societal needs and expand human capability demonstrate the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis identify the stages of the cell cycle as viewed under the microscope (and calculate the duration of each stage) compare different reproductive strategies in organisms (e.g. binary fission, budding, alternation of generations) prepare and analyze a human karyotype describe the evidence for dominance, segregation, and the independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes, as investigated by Mendel compare ratios and probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes for dominant/recessive, multiple, incompletely dominant, and codominant alleles explain the influence of gene linkage and crossing over on variability explain the relationship between variability and the number of genes controlling a trait ( one pair of genes vs multiple pairs) recognize the difference in inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes vs those on autosomes recognize that scientific and technological development involve a variety of perspectives, including social, cultural, environmental, ethical and economic design a plan to investigate human inheritance (e.g. tongue rolling, widow’s peak, etc.) predict the probability of inheritance of traits in monohybrid, dihybrid and sex-linked inheritance using pedigrees and Punnett squares compare predicted vs actual results of a genetic cross (to show the effects of chance) draw and interpret pedigree charts analyze crossover data from for a single pair of chromosomes to create a chromosomal map showing gene arrangement and relative distance summarize the historical events that led to the discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule, including the work of Franklin/Watson and Crick explain how DNA replicates explain transcription and translation explain how restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules into smaller fragments and how ligase enzymes reassemble them explain how cells may be transformed by inserting new DNA sequences into their genomes explain how a random change (mutation) in the sequence of bases results in abnormalities or provides a source of genetic variability explain how base sequences give evidence for the relationship among organisms of different species explain that science and technology have both intended and unintended consequences for humans and the environment (e.g. concerns over cloning, genetically modified foods, patenting genes) model the structure of DNA analyze relationships between human activities and changes in genetic information that lead to heritable mutations and cancer