Download Bio 101 Study Guide Lecture Exam 3

Study Guide Lecture Exam 3
Chapter 8 – The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
• Be familiar with the following terms:
binary fission
chromosome
chromatin
sister chromatids
centromere
mitotic spindle
microtubule
metaphase plate
somatic cell
gamete
autosome
sex chromosome
gene locus
diploid
haploid
zygote
fertilization
synapsis
tetrad
crossing over
karyotype
trisomy 21
nondisjunction
• What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
• What is the advantage of sexual reproduction from an evolutionary point of view?
• Know the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle
o Interphase (G1, S, G2)
o Mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
o Cytokinesis
• What happens in each stage?
• Be able to identify the stage of mitosis from a diagram or picture.
• What is cytokinesis?
• What controls the cell cycle?
• What goes wrong in cancer?
• Why do cells undergo mitotic cell division?
• Why do cells undergo meiotic cell division?
• What happens in meiosis I?
• What happens in meiosis II?
• What differences are there between meiosis and mitosis?
• What is the outcome of each process?
• What aspects of sexual reproduction lead to genetic diversity?
o Crossing over in prophase I
o Independent assortment of chromosomes in anaphase I
o Random fertilization
• What happens to chromosome number during mitosis, meiosis and fertilization?
Chapter 9 – Patterns of Inheritance
• Be familiar with the following terms:
trait
phenotype
genotype
allele
homozygous
heterozygous
dominant
recessive
pedigree
Punnett square
incomplete dominance
codominance
pleiotropy
polygenic inheritance
• Be familiar with Mendel’s Four Hypotheses.
• What is a monohybrid cross?
o What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of such a cross?
• What is a dihybrid cross?
o What is the phenotypic ratio of such a cross?
• What does independent assortment mean?
• What is a testcross?
• Be able to use a Punnett square to determine the results of a genetic cross.
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Realize that the actual results of a genetic cross depend on probability.
Be able to use a pedigree to determine genotype.
Know the difference between dominant and recessive inheritance.
Be familiar with the variations on Mendel’s Laws (incomplete dominance, multiple
alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, environmental effects)
What are linked genes?
How does crossing over (recombination) affect linked genes?
What are sex-linked genes?
Understand how sex-linked genes are inherited?
How does sex linkage affect expression of traits?
Be able to use a Punnett square with sex-linked genes.
Chapter 10 – Molecular Biology of the Gene
• Be familiar with the following terms:
bacteriophage
genetic material nucleic acid
nucleotide
nitrogenous base adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
uracil
base pair
transcription
translation
codon
genetic code
mRNA
intron
exon
RNA splicing
tRNA
rRNA
ribosome
stop codon
start codon
mutation
lytic
lysogenic
prophage/provirus
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
prion
• Be familiar with the Hershey-Chase experiment.
• Nucleic acids are polymers made of what?
• What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
• Who are Watson and Crick?
• Understand the structure of DNA (double helix, sugar-phosphate backbone, base pairing)
• Know the base pairing rules (A=T & G=C).
• If given one DNA strand, provide the complementary strand.
• What kind of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together.
• What is DNA polymerase?
• What is semiconservative replication?
• Understand the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
• What is transcription?
• If given the sequence of the DNA template, provide the RNA sequence.
• What is translation?
• Understand how an RNA codon specifies an amino acid.
• Be able to use a codon usage table.
• How is messenger RNA processed in eukaryotic cells?
• What are the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?
• How does a tRNA deliver the proper amino acid to the ribosome?
• What is a mutation?
• Understand a viral lytic cycle.
• Understand a viral lysogenic cycle.
• What is a retrovirus?
• How do you spell DNA?