* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Bio 101 Study Guide Lecture Exam 3
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Study Guide Lecture Exam 3 Chapter 8 – The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance • Be familiar with the following terms: binary fission chromosome chromatin sister chromatids centromere mitotic spindle microtubule metaphase plate somatic cell gamete autosome sex chromosome gene locus diploid haploid zygote fertilization synapsis tetrad crossing over karyotype trisomy 21 nondisjunction • What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? • What is the advantage of sexual reproduction from an evolutionary point of view? • Know the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle o Interphase (G1, S, G2) o Mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) o Cytokinesis • What happens in each stage? • Be able to identify the stage of mitosis from a diagram or picture. • What is cytokinesis? • What controls the cell cycle? • What goes wrong in cancer? • Why do cells undergo mitotic cell division? • Why do cells undergo meiotic cell division? • What happens in meiosis I? • What happens in meiosis II? • What differences are there between meiosis and mitosis? • What is the outcome of each process? • What aspects of sexual reproduction lead to genetic diversity? o Crossing over in prophase I o Independent assortment of chromosomes in anaphase I o Random fertilization • What happens to chromosome number during mitosis, meiosis and fertilization? Chapter 9 – Patterns of Inheritance • Be familiar with the following terms: trait phenotype genotype allele homozygous heterozygous dominant recessive pedigree Punnett square incomplete dominance codominance pleiotropy polygenic inheritance • Be familiar with Mendel’s Four Hypotheses. • What is a monohybrid cross? o What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of such a cross? • What is a dihybrid cross? o What is the phenotypic ratio of such a cross? • What does independent assortment mean? • What is a testcross? • Be able to use a Punnett square to determine the results of a genetic cross. • • • • • • • • • • Realize that the actual results of a genetic cross depend on probability. Be able to use a pedigree to determine genotype. Know the difference between dominant and recessive inheritance. Be familiar with the variations on Mendel’s Laws (incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, environmental effects) What are linked genes? How does crossing over (recombination) affect linked genes? What are sex-linked genes? Understand how sex-linked genes are inherited? How does sex linkage affect expression of traits? Be able to use a Punnett square with sex-linked genes. Chapter 10 – Molecular Biology of the Gene • Be familiar with the following terms: bacteriophage genetic material nucleic acid nucleotide nitrogenous base adenine thymine guanine cytosine uracil base pair transcription translation codon genetic code mRNA intron exon RNA splicing tRNA rRNA ribosome stop codon start codon mutation lytic lysogenic prophage/provirus retrovirus reverse transcriptase prion • Be familiar with the Hershey-Chase experiment. • Nucleic acids are polymers made of what? • What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? • Who are Watson and Crick? • Understand the structure of DNA (double helix, sugar-phosphate backbone, base pairing) • Know the base pairing rules (A=T & G=C). • If given one DNA strand, provide the complementary strand. • What kind of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together. • What is DNA polymerase? • What is semiconservative replication? • Understand the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. • What is transcription? • If given the sequence of the DNA template, provide the RNA sequence. • What is translation? • Understand how an RNA codon specifies an amino acid. • Be able to use a codon usage table. • How is messenger RNA processed in eukaryotic cells? • What are the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA? • How does a tRNA deliver the proper amino acid to the ribosome? • What is a mutation? • Understand a viral lytic cycle. • Understand a viral lysogenic cycle. • What is a retrovirus? • How do you spell DNA?