Download Honors Genetics: Senior Exam Review Chapter 1: Introduction to

Honors Genetics: Senior Exam Review
Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics
Know the differences between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES
What is the function of DNA?
What is a MUTATION?
What causes mutations?
What 3 categories do mutations fall into and provide an example of each.
What is RECOMBINATION?
Describe CLONING.
What organisms are currently being genetically engineered and for what purposes?
Describe the CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE. Who first described inheritance patterns?
Vocabulary Review
DIPLOID
ALLELE
HAPLOID
GENOTYPE
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
PHENOTYPE
What is a NUCLEOTIDE?
Know the order of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
Chapter 2: Mitosis and Meiosis
Vocabulary Review
CHROMATIN
CHROMOSOMES
SISTER CHROMATIDS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Know the ORGANELLE chart from your notes to describe the function of cell organelles
Describe the appearance of chromosomes based on centromere location.
Describe the cell clock and apply to the type of cell that divides
LABILE, STABILE, PERMANENT cells
What is the purpose of MITOSIS?
What is the order of steps?
What is the general description of chromosome action in mitosis?
What is the purpose of MEIOSIS?
What is the order of steps?
What is the general description of chromosome action in meiosis?
Vocabulary Review
MONAD
GENETIC VARIATION
DYAD
CROSSING OVER
TETRAD
Know the similarities and differences between SPERMATOGENESIS and OOGENSIS.
Understand the impact that certain activities can have on egg and sperm production in HUMANS.
Chapter 3: Mendelian Inheritance
Be able to CREATE and DESCRIBE a MONOHYBRID cross, including percentages.
Be able to INDEPENDENTLY ASSORT alleles for DIHYBRID and TRIHYBRID crosses.
Vocabulary Review
characteristic/trait
phenotype
unit factors/alleles
genotype
gene
homozygous
segregation
heterozygous
Know Mendel’s Postulates
Unit factors occur in pairs
Dominant/Recessive
Segregation
Independent Assortment – for more than 2 traits
Know the COMMONLY used symbols for Pedigree Analysis
Be able to construct and analyze an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT and AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE pedigree.
Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios
Study your Chapter 4 Vocabulary Quiz!
Know how to differentiate between different pedigrees
Autosomal Dominant/Autosomal Recessive
X-linked Dominant/X-linked Recessive
Review blood group inheritance
ABO
MN
Rh Factor
Describe the issues surrounding sex-linked inheritance in human males
Chapter 5: Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
Vocabulary Review
heteromorphic chromosomes
Primary sex differentiation
Secondary sex differentiation
heterogametic sex
homogametic sex
isogamete
heterogamete
Bipotential gonads
Mullerian ducts
Wolffian ducts
Testis-determining factor
disjunction vs nondisjunction
Aneuploidy vs. Euploidy
Understand the process of sex differentiation in humans.
Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans. How are they alike? How are they different?
Human DIPLOID number is ________; HAPLOID number is ________.
Be able to differentiate human chromosome numbers in -ploidy conditions and –somic conditions
(Chap 6/Question 1)
Remember, chromosomes are only visible during MITOSIS and MEIOSIS.
Describe nondisjunction and the impact it CAN have on gamete chromosome numbers.
Be able to identify the critical areas AND describe the functions of the Y chromosome and its influence in sex
differentiation.
PAR
MSY
SRY
Describe/understand fetal sex development in humans. (Chap 5 Quest)
What allows the X and Y chromosomes to synapse during conception/What region of each chromosome allows
this to occur? What term is used to describe the relationship between the X and Y chromosomes?
Can you predict inheritance patterns of X-linked conditions in offspring? (Chap 6/Q 14)
Practice Punnett Squares and recognize sex-linked pedigrees!
Describe the genotype and phenotype – Be able to ID the karyotype - of the following -somic conditions:
Turner Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Viability issues concerning autosomal vs sex chromosome abnormalities/Why are some of these conditions in
Chap5 and Chap6 lethal, minor, or detrimental?
Why are polyploidy conditions lethal in humans? Why are some polysomy conditions in humans lethal? What is
the difference between these two terms? What determines if polysomy conditions result in abnormalities or
death?
Chapter 9: Evidence Favoring DNA as Genetic Material
Understand the sequence of experiments that proved DNA was the mechanism of inheritance.
Griffith
Avery, McCloud, McCarty
Hershey-Chase
Know the nucleotide structures, including sugars and phosphate arrangement.
Describe the Watson-Crick Model of DNA (page 193-194)
Describe electrophoresis
Chapter 10: DNA Replication and Recombination
Why must DNA replicate?
Describe the process of DNA replication as a semiconservative replication process.
Understand the difference between conservative and dispersive replication.
How did the Messelson-Stahl experiment prove semiconservative replication?
Know why E. coli was used as the organism for experimentation.
What was significant about the Taylor-Woods-Hughes experiment?
List the general steps of DNA replication and the enzymes involved, including their functions.
Understand the significance of telomeres and telomerase in relation to cell division and cell aging.
Chapter 12: The Genetic Code and Transcription
What is the Central Dogma?
Describe transcription as a mechanism in the creation of proteins.
Know the characteristics of the 3 varieties of RNA, their locations, and their functions.
How is mRNA read?
What is RNA splicing? What is significant about introns and exons?