Download A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism

1. A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in
its DNA.
2. A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped
together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
3. Two of the 46 chromosomes in the human genome are known as sex
chromosomes, because they determine an individual’s sex.
4. Females have two copies of the X chromosome.
5. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
6. To distinguish them from the sex chromosomes, the remaining 44 human
chromosomes are known as autosomal chromosomes, or autosomes.
7. Many human traits follow a pattern of simple dominance.
8. The alleles for many human genes display codominant inheritance.
9. Because the X and Y chromosomes determine sex, the genes located on
them show a pattern of inheritance called sex-linkage.
10. To analyze the pattern of inheritance followed by a particular trait, you can
use a chart that shows the relationships within a family. Such a chart is
called a pedigree.
11. The information gained from pedigree analysis makes it possible to
determine the nature of genes and alleles associated with inherited human
traits.
12. Changes in a gene’s DNA sequence can change proteins by altering their
amino acid sequences, which may directly affect one’s phenotype.
13. If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis, gametes with an abnormal
number of chromosomes may result, leading to a disorder of chromosome
numbers.
14. Restriction enzymes, these highly specific substances cut even the largest
DNA molecule into precise pieces, called restriction fragments, that are
several hundred bases in length.
15. Scientists can use a technique known as gel electrophoresis to separate and
analyze the differently sized fragments.
16. The Human Genome Project was a 13-year, international effort with the
main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and
identifying all human genes.
17. Bioinformatics is a new field that combines molecular biology with
information science. It is critical to studying and understanding the human
genome.
18. Genomics - the study of whole genomes, including genes and their
functions.
19. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally
occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation
20. Hybridization, crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of
both organisms.
21. Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar
characteristics.
22. Biotechnology is the application of a technological process, invention, or
method to living organisms.
23. Breeders can increase the mutation rate of an organism by using radiation
or chemicals.
24. Polyploidy can quickly produce new species of plants that are larger and
stronger than their diploid relatives
25. Once they find a gene, biologists often need to make many copies of
it. A technique known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows them to do
exactly that.
26. Recombinant-DNA technology - joining together DNA from two or more
sources – makes it possible to change the genetic composition of living
organisms. By
27. In addition to their own large chromosomes, some bacteria contain small
circular DNA molecules known as plasmids.
28. A genetic marker is a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria
that carry the plasmid from those that don’t.
29. Transgenic organisms can be produced by the insertion of recombinant
DNA into the genome of a host organism.
30. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced
from a single cell.
31. Ideally, genetic modification could lead to better, less expensive, and more
nutritious food as well as less-harmful manufacturing processes.
32. Today, recombinant-DNA technology is the source of some of the most
important and exciting advances in the prevention and treatment of
disease.
33. Gene therapy is the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease
or disorder.
34. Scientists use DNA microarray technology to study hundreds or even
thousands of genes at once to understand their activity levels.
35. DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that may have little or no
function but that vary widely from one individual to another.