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Genetics Outcomes Outcomes 1. Define the terms genetics, etc. 2. Review mitosis 3. Understand the make up of Eukaryotic chromosomes 4. Define homologous chromosomes 5. Understand the process of karyotyping 6. State that karyotyping is used to diagnose mutations and genetic abnormalities 7. Analyse a human karyotype to determine gender and whether non-disjunction has occurred 8. Define and distinguish between a chromosomal and gene mutation. 9. State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei 10. Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, followed by two divisions, which results in four haploid cells 11. Describe the behaviour of the chromosomes in the phases of meiosis 12. Outline the formation of chiasmata in the process of crossing over 13. Explain how meiosis results in an effectively infinite genetic variety in gametes through crossing over in prophase I and random orientation in metaphase I 14. Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, co-dominant alleles, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, carrier and test cross 15. State Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 16. Explain the relationship between Mendel’s law of independent assortment and meiosis 17. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett grid / square 18. State that some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles) 19. Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles 20. Explain how the sex chromosomes control gender by referring to the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes in humans 21. State that some genes are present on the X chromosome and absent from the shorter Y chromosome 22. Define sex linkage 23. Describe the inheritance of colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex linkage 24. State that a human female can be homozygous or heterozygous with respect to sex-linked genes 25. Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles 26. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring of monohybrid crosses involving any of the above patterns of inheritance 27. Deduce the genotypes and phenotypes on individuals in pedigree charts 28. Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes 29. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes 30. Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair in prophase I can result in an exchange in alleles 31. Define linkage group 32. Explain and example of a cross between two linked genes 33. Identify which of the offspring are recombinants in a dihybrid cross involving linked genes 34. Define polygenetic inheritance 35. Explain that polygenetic inheritance can contribute to continuous variation using two examples, one of which must be human skin color 36. Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA. 37. State that in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size. 38. State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling. 39. Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations. 40. Analyze DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations. To do this, complete the Murder Mystery by using DNA profiling. (Will be handed out) 41. Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome. 42. State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal. 43. Outline the basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase. 44. State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals. 45. Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification. 46. Define clone. 47. Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells. 48. Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans.