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Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3A – Neural Processing & the Endocrine System biological psychology neuron sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons dendrite axon myelin sheath action potential threshold synapse neurotransmitters reuptake endorphins nervous system central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system reflex endocrine system hormones adrenal glands pituitary gland Questions to ponder 1. What are neurons, and how do they transmit information? 2. How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells? 3. How do neurotransmitters influence behavior, and how do drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission? 4. What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions? 5. How does the endocrine system—the body’s slower information system—transmit its messages? Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3B – The Brain lesion electroencephalogram (EEG) PET (positron emission tomography) scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) brainstem medulla reticular formation thalamus cerebellum limbic system amygdala hypothalamus cerebral glial cells (glia) frontal lobes parietal lobes occipital lobes temporal lobes motor cortex sensory cortex association areas aphasia Broca’s area Wernicke’s area plasticity neurogenesis corpus callosum split brain Consciousness Cognitive neuroscience Questions to ponder 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How do neuroscientists study the brain’s connections to behavior and mind? What are the functions of important lower-level brain structures? What functions are served by the various cerebral cortex regions? What brain areas are involved in language processing? To what extent can a damaged brain reorganize itself? What do split brains reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres? What is the “dual processing” being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience? Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter 3C – Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, & Behavior Behavior genetics Environment Chromosomes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Genes Genome Identical twins Fraternal twins Heritability Interaction Molecular genetics Evolutionary psychology Natural selection Mutation Questions to ponder 1. 2. 3. 4. What are genes, and how do behavior geneticists explain our individual differences? What is heritability, and how does it relate to individuals and groups? What is the promise of molecular genetics research? How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies? 5. How might an evolutionary psychologist explain gender differences in sexuality and mating preferences? 6. What are the key criticisms of evolutionary psychology? 7. How does handedness relate to brain organization? III. Biological Bases of Behavior (8–10%) An effective introduction to the relationship between physiological processes and behavior—including the infl uence of neural function, the nervous system and the brain, and genetic contributions to behavior—is an important element in the AP course. AP students in psychology should be able to do the following: • Identify basic processes and systems in the biological bases of behavior, including parts of the neuron and the process of transmission of a signal between neurons. • Discuss the infl uence of drugs on neurotransmitters (e.g., reuptake mechanisms). • Discuss the effect of the endocrine system on behavior. • Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions: — central and peripheral nervous systems; — major brain regions, lobes, and cortical areas; — brain lateralization and hemispheric specialization. — • Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and technologies that support research (e.g., case studies, split-brain research, imaging techniques). • Discuss psychology’s abiding interest in how heredity, environment, and evolution work together to shape behavior. • Predict how traits and behavior can be selected for their adaptive value. • Identify key contributors (e.g., Paul Broca, Charles Darwin, Michael Gazzaniga, Roger Sperry, Carl Wernicke).