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DNA The Code of Life Medical Detectives © 2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc. DO NOW Tuesday September 13th 1. What is the name of gene responsible for HD? 2. What is the mutation in this gene? 3. What kind of molecule do genes code for? 4. How does this mutation result in damage to brain cells? PLAN • Analyze how changes in the huntingtin gene affect the resulting protein and nerve cell function. • Use appropriate laboratory methods to isolate DNA from cheek cells. DO • Check Thursday’s classwork in journals. • Discuss DNA structure and answer questions in your biomedical science journal to prepare for tomorrow’s DNA Isolation Lab. What is DNA? • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material in all known living organisms and some viruses • It can be passed from one generation to another The “Code of Life” • Information in DNA determines an organism’s characteristics • DNA contains 4 nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) – A pairs with T in DNA – G pairs with C in DNA The “Code of Life” • DNA can be compared to a cookbook with instructions about how to create and maintain a specific living thing. • Genes can be compared to the individual recipes in the cookbook. They encode the information to make proteins and determine how many of those proteins to make. Packaging DNA • The basic structure of DNA is that of a twisted ladder called a double helix. • To fit into the nucleus, the double helix wraps around proteins called histones. Packaging DNA • The DNA then condenses into chromosomes. • Human beings have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of almost every cell. Chromosomes of a human male DNA Structure DO NOW Tuesday September 20th Consider the pedigree above. Explain why Jack’s daughter has a 50% chance of having the gene for Huntington’s disease. PLAN • Use appropriate laboratory methods to isolate DNA from cheek cells. DO • • • • • Genetics/HD Quiz Finish questions over DNA Isolation Lab Discuss Lab Conduct Lab Discuss Inherited diseases while waiting for DNA to precipitate DNA Extraction Step 1: Collect cheek cells • Sports drink is used as a mouthwash collection medium. • Sports drinks contain salt in a concentration similar to the cheek cells; this prevents the cells from breaking open and releasing their DNA before they are collected. DNA Extraction Step 2: Cell lysis • The membranes that surround and protect the cell and nucleus must be broken to release the DNA in a process called cell lysis. • A detergent-based cell lysis solution will be used to degrade the membranes. • The remaining solution is known as cell lysate. DNA Extraction Step 3: DNA precipitation • The DNA in the cell lysate is in solution and is not visible (like sugar in water). • DNA is insoluble (wont dissolve) in ethanol (like sand in water). • So we add the ethanol to cause the DNA to precipitate (come out of solution) so we can see it. Importance of DNA Extraction • DNA extraction is the first step in many in-depth experiments including: – The study of heredity – Potential treatments of diseases • Extracted DNA can be used to create DNA fingerprints to help: – Diagnose genetic diseases – Solve criminal cases Image Resources By KES47 (File:Chromosome zh.svg) [CC-BY-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Free images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page