Download Biology 2 Final Exam Review Sheet Exam: Friday (June 21st), 8 a.m.

Biology 2 Final Exam Review Sheet
Exam: Friday (June 21st), 8 a.m.
Chapter 8 and 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1) Write the overall equations for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis and
explain how they are related to each other.
2) Explain the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
3) Describe the conditions under which both types of fermentation (lactic acid and
alcoholic) occur. Which one happens during exercise?
4) Describe the structure of an ATP molecule and explain it can store and release energy
5) Compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration. How are they different? How are they similar?
6) List some factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Chapters 11 Meiosis and Genetics
1) Explain the purpose of meiosis and also explain what happens to the chromosome number in the gametes
of an organism after meiosis. Use the words HAPLOID and DIPLOID in your answer.
2) Explain how independent assortment and genetic recombination (a.k.a.crossing over) (which both occur
during meiosis) contribute to the differences between brothers and sisters even though they come from the
same parents
3) Describe what homologous chromosomes are (be sure to explain where they come from and how they
are similar). Also explain why the X and Y chromosomes are not homologous.
4) Describe the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA. Describe what a trait is and what the
relationship is between traits and genes
5) Describe what an allele is. Also explain what is meant by the terms dominant and recessive alleles.
6) Explain and use examples to show the differences between genotype and phenotype AND between
homozygous and heterozygous
7) Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.
8) What is the pattern of inheritance for human blood type? List the genotypes for the 4 different blood
types.
9) Describe what is meant by polygenic inheritance. List some traits that are polygenic.
10) ***Be able to do monohybrid crosses dealing with simple dominance, incomplete dominance, and
codominance (including blood type), and sex-linked traits*** Study your example problems from class
(pink, yellow, green, and blue sheets).
11) What combination of sex chromosomes would a man have? What about a woman? How can a woman
be a carrier of a sex-linked disease but not a man?
Chapter 12 DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis
1) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule and explain the base-pairing rules for the nitrogen bases
2) What is the human genome? What is the significance of knowing the base sequence of the human
genome?
3) Describe how DNA replicates and the explain the role of helicase and DNA polymerase in the
process
4) Explain the process of transcription – describe the role of RNA polymerase in this process
5) Explain the process of translation – describe the role of the mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, codons and
anticodons in the process
6) Explain the relationship between genes and proteins
7) Be able to transcribe a section of DNA to mRNA and be able to translate the mRNA code into the
correct amino acid sequence (using the codon table of amino acids) – Practice: If the DNA strand
reads: TAC TTG GCG AGC ATT TAC GAA what is the (1) mRNA code and the (2) amino acid
sequence (use pg. 303 Table 12.17 or the table on the worksheet you were given in class)
8) Assume that the DNA sequence above is part of the instructions to make a protein that prevents
cells from dividing uncontrollably. What would happen if the first base was changed to a C
instead of a T? Explain by talking about the (1) mRNA code and (2) the amino acid sequence and
then explain how that could affect the structure of the protein. Finally, describe why this is
significant to the person in which this process is happening.
9) Explain the difference between the three types of mutations we learned about in class
(substitution, deletion, insertion)
Chapters 15-16 Evolution
1) List the basic components of Darwin’s theory
2) What is meant by the phrase “last common ancestor?”
3) Explain how natural selection applies to numerous situations: Explain how the following would occur
for practice: How would a population of mosquitoes become resistant to an insecticide over time?
4) Explain how the fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, embryological similarities,
and molecular comparisons (DNA, RNA, and protein) provide evidence for evolution
5) Describe the taxonomic system for classifying organisms and be able to recognize how closely
related two organisms are based on their taxonomic similarities.
6) What is the gene pool of a population and what must happen to it in order for evolution to occur?
7) List and describe the factors that cause changes to the gene pool of a population
8) Explain the sequence of events that must happen in order for speciation to occur with a population
9) Explain the difference between geographic, temporal, and behavioral isolation and how these can
lead to reproductive isolation and speciation
Anatomy and Physiology – chp 35-39 and your fetal pig homework packet
1) What is the purpose of the nervous system? What are its two major divisions?
2) Explain the importance of sensory neurons and motor neurons in a driver who has to react to another car
pulling out in front of them without warning.
3) Know what a neuron is and describe the functions of the 3 different regions of a neuron (axon, dendrites,
axon terminals)
4) What is the importance of neurotransmitters?
5) Describe the pathway of air going from outside the body into the bloodstream, naming all of the
respiratory structures it passes through along the way
6) What important event occurs in the alveoli of the lungs?
7) How does the diaphragm control breathing? What controls the diaphragm?
8) How is the cardiovascular system dependent on the respiratory and nervous system?
9) List the roles of the 3 major types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)
10)List the 3 different kinds of blood cells and their jobs.
10) Describe the path of blood through the heart, starting in the right atrium.
11) List the organs of the digestive system and their functions (see the handout I gave you in class)
12) Describe the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
13) What is the difference between the axial and the appendicular skeleton
14) What are the different functions of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage?
15) How is skeletal muscle different from cardiac muscle and smooth muscle?
16) How is the muscular system dependent on the nervous system?
17) Know the functions of the parts of the male and female reproductive system (handouts from class)
*Study the questions from the fetal pig homework packet – I will ask some of this information, but in a
multiple choice format (and/or as an open response option)