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AIMS Review Packet Answers
Scientific Method
1) What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
Hypothesis - is an “idea”, yes, an educated guess, BUT, that can be tested
Prediction – your guess as to the exact results of the experiment
2) Why do scientists use a control group in experimental design?
Something to compare their data to / a benchmark
3) Susie wondered if the height of a hole punched in the side of a quart-size milk carton would affect how far from the
container a liquid would spurt when the carton was full of the liquid. She used 4 identical cartons and punched the same
size hole into each. Susie recorded her results in the chart below.
Height of hole
punched in container (cm)
5
10
15
20
Distance liquid spurts
from the container (cm)
10
20
30
40
a) What is the independent variable?___height of the hole______
b) What is the dependent variable?___distance the liquid spurt out________
c) Write a hypothesis for this experiment, use proper format.
Answers may vary – but will be along the lines of:
“If the height of the hole increases, the distance the liquid spurts will increase”
d) What would be an appropriate prediction if the height of the hole punched in the container was 25 cm (use numbers!)?
50 cm
e) Graph Susie’s results.
Distance spurt (DV)
(cm)
Height of the hole (IV)
(cm)
f)
Describe the relationship between the height of the hole and the distance of the liquid. The higher the hole, the longer
the spurt
15) A group of college students were given a short course in speed-reading. The instructor was curious if a monetary incentive
would influence performance on a reading test taken at the end of the course. Half the students were offered $5 for obtaining a
certain level of performance on the test, the other half were not offered money.
Independent variable: Money (What was changed)
Dependent variable: Performance on the test (measurable)
Experimental group: Those offered the money
Control group: Those not offered money
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Cells
1) Define each term and give an example.
Word
Biotic
Abiotic
Definition
A factor that is associated with or results
from living organisms. LIVING or once
was living.
A factor that is not associated with the
activities of living things.
NON-LIVING! Never was living.
Example
Bear, tree, bacteria cell, mushroom, a dead kangaroo
Rock, sun, water, air, minerals, dirt
2) Cell organelles – Complete the table.
Organelle Name
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Large Central
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Write a quick explanation of
function
Holds DNA / functions the cell
Regulates what enters/exits the
cell
Gives structure and strength to
plant cells
Provides chemical energy to cells
Makes proteins
3) Identify at least TWO major differences
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Pro – no nucleus / no membrane bound
organelles.
4) What types (list any proper names you
remember) of organisms are classified as the
following:
a) Prokaryote: bacteria
b) Eukaryote: plants / animals
Stores water for plant cells
Photosynthesis / Converts light
energy to chemical energy
Suspends organelles
5) Which THREE organelles do plants have that
Packages proteins
The THREE “C’s” Chloroplasts, central vacuole,
cell wall
animals cells do not.
Transports proteins
6) Levels of Organization: Put the following in order from smallest to largest.
atom, cell, molecule, organelle, organism, organs, organs system, tissue
ANSWER: atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
7) Identify the following cell types:
a. ____animal_________
b. ___plant____________
c. ____bacteria_____________
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8) The cell membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?
Semi-permeable means that some things can go through, but others not. The membrane determine which substances
enter and leave the cell through the chemistry of the membrane. The polarity of the phospholipids that form the
membrane is the primary mechanism that determine what can go through. Small, non-polar molecules (like oxygen and
carbon dioxide) are free to move through the membrane, whereas polar (like water) or large molecules (like proteins)
need to be “ushered” through transport or channel proteins, sometimes requiring energy, but sometimes not.
Cellular Transport
9) What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of “balance” within a cell despite the changing external environment.
10 Complete the following table.
Where is solute
Type of solution the
concentration the
cell is placed in.
highest (inside cell or
outside cell)
OUTSIDE
Hypertonic
Will water move
in or out of cell?
Will the cell swell, shrink, or stay the
same size?
OUT OF CELL
SHRINK
Hypotonic
INSIDE
INTO CELL
SWELL
Isotonic
EVEN
IN AND OUT OF
CELL
STAY THE SAME
4) How are active transport and passive transport different?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration to areas of
high concentration = packing too many molecules in a space  this creates pressure that is basically stored energy to be used
later when the pressure is released. CELL USES ENERGY (ATP) in this type of transport.
PASSIVE TRASNPORT: Movement of molecule down the concentration gradient. Cell does NOT use energy.
5) List and describe the types of passive transport.
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
6) List and describe the types of active transport.
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS
7) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMEMNT OF WATER IN AND OUT OF THE CELL. DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL
OF MOLECULES
9) When will molecules STOP moving?
When they reach homeostasis
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DNA / Mitosis
10) What is the ultimate function of a DNA molecule?
Genetic information that carries the instructions to make proteins in the body.
11) DNA molecules are made up of the following unit. What molecule is this?
nucleotides
phosphate
12) What are the complementary base pairing rules for DNA?
ADENINE Nucleotide ---- THYMINE Nucleotide
GUANINE Nucleotide ---- CYTOSINE Nucleotide
Nitrogen
base
13) Using the base-pairing rules, complete the other side of DNA.
AATTCGGATCCGGTA
Deoxyribose
sugar
14) Label each part of the cell cycle and describe a major event in each part:
A. G1: Cell growth, transcription + translation
B. S (DNA synthesis = Replication)
C. G2: Cell growth
D. Prophase of mitosis – chromosomes condense
E. Metaphase - line up
F. Anaphase – chromatids separate
G. Telophase – cleavage forms, two nuclei form
INTERPHASE (Write the letters): A + B + C
15) At what stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time? ___Interphase _________________________
16) Why is DNA replication important? ENSURES THAT THE ALL OF THE EXACT SAME GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) IS
GIVEN TO EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS THAT ARE PRODUCED!
17) What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA
Double stranded
Dexoyribose sugar
A-T, G-C
RNA
single stranded
Ribose sugar
A-U, G-C
18) Label the following structure at the arrows with the correct term. 
centromere
chromatids
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19) What are the four stages of Mitosis and what happens at each stage?
a)
b)
c)
d)
PROPHASE – Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle fibers form
METAPHASE – chromosomes line up at the equator, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
ANAPHASE - centromeres divide, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite poles
TELOPHASE- nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers dissolve, cytokinesis begins
20) What is the purpose of Mitosis?
1.
2.
3.
GROWTH
REPAIR
REPLACEMENT OF DEAD CELLS
21) Label each picture with the correct stage.
__PROPHASE__
TELOPHASE__
__METAPHASE_
ANAPHASE
22) How many cells are produced during mitosis? __2___ cells
23) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different from the parent (original) cell?
Why is process of meiosis important for an organism? CREATES REPRODUCTIVE CELLS “GAMATES”
24) How many times does the genetic information get split in meiosis? ___twice_________
25) How many cells are produced during meiosis?_____4__________ cells
26) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different to the parent (original) cell after meiosis?
___different__________________
27) In humans, how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells have after meiosis? __23______
28) Identify the stage of meiosis for an organism (with a diploid number 2n = 4) in the pictures below:
Prophase I
Metaphase II
Metaphase I
Anaphase II
Molecular Genetics (DNA, RNA, proteins)
29) What does a gene code for?
A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT IS LOCATED IN A CHROMOSOME AND CODES FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN (HEREDITY TRAIT)
30) Describe the process of transcription.
The making of mRNA from the DNA code (U instead of T)
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31) Why is transcription important? Why is it beneficial for the DNA? Be detailed.
IT ALLOWS THE DNA MESSAGE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS IN THE FORM OF mRNA.
**DNA can not leave the nucleus! Good, because it protects your genes.
32) RNA uses the nitrogen base _____uracil_______________ instead of ____thymine______________.
33) Transcribe the mRNA from the following DNA:
3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’
5’ A-U-G-G-C-U-U-A-A-U-G-A-U-C-A-U-G-C 3’
34) What are the 3 types of RNA found in the cell? What are their functions?
mRNA – carries the message from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm)
tRNA – Tranfers in amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA - makes up the ribosome / make the protein
35) Describe the process of translation?
Ribosome read the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide (protein) chain. tRNA carries in the proper aminao acids,
in order, according to the code.
36) What are the building blocks of protein? __amino____ _acids________
37) If an mRNA had 12 codons, how many amino acids would it code for? __12________
38) Where does transcription occur in the cell?__nucleus____________ translation? __cytoplasm / ribosomes____
39) The mRNA codon AUG codes for the amino acid __MET_____________
40) The mRNA codon CCA codes for the amino acid ___PRO_____________
41) What is a mutation? Change from the original DNA sequence
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Evolution
42) Define the term evolution.
A change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next over time.
43) Describe/Define Darwin’s theory of natural selection (Include the four tenants)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
genetic variation – needed to have a more “fit” variation
overproduction of offspring – to ensure SOME survive to pass on that “better” variation
Struggle for existence: “Survival of the fittest” – The process of the “better” trait surviving
Differential survival and reproduction – overtime, the “better” trait will be the most common in
the population
44) What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?
Homologous – Same structure due to relatedness but often different functions, due to environmental pressures
Analogous (opposite) in the sense that the develop similar FUNCTION because they are same environment, but
not closely related due to difference in structure.
Rhesus Monkey
Cladogram
Kangaroo
Human
Snapping
Turtle
Foramen magnum forward +
short canine teeth
Bullfrog
Placenta
Tuna
Mammary glands
Lamprey
Amnion
Paired legs
Paired appendage + spinal column
Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord
45) Which organisms have paired legs?
Bullfrog, turtle, Kangaroo, monkey, human
46) How does the Kangaroos – Humans relationship compared to the Lamprey – Monkey relationship?
Kangaroos and Humans are more recent common ancestor then Lamprey and Monkey relationship.
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47) Based upon the electrophoresis data; which organisms are the most
closely related to each other? Remember, the bands in the gel
represent proteins of similar size. 
Organism 1 and 2 have the most proteins in common so this would
indicate that they are most closely related to each other.
Genetics
48) Who is considered to be the “father” of genetics? _____Gregor
Mendel___________
49) Identify the following genotypes as homozygous recessive (HR),
homozygous dominant (HD), or heterozygous (HE):
HH
Tt
Jj
rr
Ss
MM
HD
HE
HE
HR
HE
HD
50) Can a heterozygous individual show the phenotype of the recessive trait? Explain.
No, Only if the organism is homozygous recessive. Otherwise the dominant trait will mask the recessive.
51) If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?
Dimples is the dominant trait.
52) Everyone in Squidward’s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is heterozygous for his blue
skin. His wife has green skin.
a)
Create a punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
B
b
b
b
Bb
bb
Bb
bb
b) What are the chances of a child with blue skin? _____50%_
c) What are the chances of a child with green skin? _____50%__
53) What is Incomplete dominance? Give an example
When both alleles are present there is a blending of the phenotype.
Example: White flower or Red flowers: Rr=pink flowers
54) What is Co dominance? Give an example.
When both traits are expressed at the same time. Dog with black and white spots
55) Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome? __X_______
56) What sex chromosomes does a male carry?__XY_____ Female?__XX______
57) If S= striped and s= solid, what are the phenotypes for each of the following:
Ss: Striped
SS: Strped
Ss: solid
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58) If brown hair is dominant (B) to blonde hair (b), and two parents have a brown hair child, what are the possible
genotypes of each parent?
BB or Bb
59) If the gene for tall plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short plants, what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring when a tall plant is crossed with a short plant? Complete a cross.
T
T
T
Tt
Tt
t
Tt
Tt
T = tall t= short
possible geno’s = Tt
possible pheno’s = medium height
60) The gene for baldness is carried on the x-chromosome. What are the chances that a bald man and a carrier
(heterozygous) woman would have a bald boy? A bald girl? Show the cross.
25% chance (1/4)
Xc
X
Xc
Y
X Xc
XY
Xc Xc
XcY
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
61) What is the equation for photosynthesis? Label the reactants and products.
CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Products =C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)
Reactants = CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, energy from the sun)
62) Where does photosynthesis occur? _chlorplasts________ What pigment is involved? __chlorophyll__________
63) Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems? __leaves____________
64) When does aerobic respiration occur?
When oxygen is available
65) What is an anaerobic pathway? Give example.
Pathway taken by cells when oxygen is absent ; lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
66) Which is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products.
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy
Products: CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, ATP)
Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2 (Glucose and oxygen)
67) Where does aerobic respiration occur in a eukaryotic cell? ___mitochondria________________
68) Why do cells need energy? perform most cellular functions (protein synthesis; transport, etc)
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69) How does the amount of energy produced in cellular respiration compare with energy produced during
fermentation?
Fermentation simply keeps glycolysis going, so therefore making 2 ATP every cycle. While cellular respiration, in
the end makes WAY more ATP
Ecology
70) How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked? Autotrophs (producers) make their own energy, while
heterotrophs (like consumers) eat to gain energy. Heterotrophs eat autotrophs.
71) List the levels of organization for living organisms from smallest to largest. (ex, community, population, etc).
. Organism (one individual)  population (more than one of the same species)  Community (one species and all the living
things it interacts with)  Ecosystem (All the living and non-living things that interact)  Biosphere (whole earth basically)
72) What 2 main environmental factors defines the different biomes?
Temperature, rainfall, amount of sunlight, similar plants, similar animals, etc
73) Define, Compare and Contrast Mutualism, Commensalisms, and Parasitism. Who benefits?
Mutualism – Both benefit (+. +)
Commensalism – One benefit and the other is neither harmed nor helped (+, O)
Parasitism – One is harmed while the other benefits (+. -)
74) What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity?
Typically will crash due to overpopulation leading to major competition – resources deplete very quickly and many die off
or move away
75) Review the steps to the:
a) Water cycle. What is transpiration? Release of water from plants.
b) Carbon Cycle. What ways does carbon get into the atmosphere? Released into atmosphere through
cellular respiration. Returns into living organisms via photosynthesis.
c) Nitrogen Cycle. How does nitrogen get introduced to the soil?
Either lighting or through bacteria “fixing” it.
76) How is a food web different from a food chain?
Food chain – one linear flow of energy
Food web – ALL possible flows of energy through a community
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77) What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next?
90% is lost, therefore 10% is passed on
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