Download Unit: 2

Biology Midterm Review 09/10
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. The review sheet is due the
day of your midterm.
Unit: 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biology is the study of ______________________.
Describe the steps of the scientific method.
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable?
What is a hypothesis? How is a hypothesis written?
Explain the difference between a control group and an experimental group. Why must every experiment
have a control group?
6. Describe a scientific theory.
7. What are the 8 themes of life? Describe each.
8. What is homeostasis?
Unit: 2
1. What is the basic building block of matter?
2. What are the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom? Where is each particle found? What charge
does each particle have?
3. What is an element?
4. Describe each of the following bonds: Covalent, Hydrogen, Ionic.
5. Explain adhesion and cohesion (how do they relate to water?)
6. Is water a polar molecule or a nonpolar molecule? What dissolves best in water (polar molecules or
nonpolar molecules)?
7. What is an acid? A base?
8. Describe how the pH scale measures acids and bases. What is the range for measuring acids? Bases?
9. What is an organic compound?
10. What elements make up each of the following compounds: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids.
11. What is an enzyme? How does it effect a chemical reaction?
Unit: 3
1. If a light microscope has an ocular magnification of 10X and an objective lens with a 4x magnification,
what is the overall magnification?
2. List the 3 parts to the cell theory.
3. Who discovered the cell?
4. Is it more efficient to have many small cells or a few large cells? Why?
5. What is a prokaryotic cell? A eukaryotic cell? How do they differ?
6. Complete the following chart: (You may answer right on this paper)
Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic
Organelle
Function
Plant/Animal/Both
/ Both
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
1
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi body
(apparatus)
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Ribosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Unit: 4
1. Compare and contrast passive and active transport.
2. Define: Diffusion and Osmosis. Are these types of passive or active transport?
3. If an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, which way does the water move? In a hypotonic
solution? In an isotonic solution?
4. What is facilitated diffusion?
5. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis. Why are these processes important to a cell?
Unit: 5
1. What types of organisms use photosynthesis?
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What is the cell’s energy currency?
4. What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis? What is produced by each stage?
5. Where is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
6. Why is photosynthesis important to all life on Earth?
7. What is cellular respiration? What organisms use it to get energy?
8. What are the 3 basic steps of cellular respiration? Where does each occur? What is made at each step?
How much ATP is produced at each step?
9. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
10. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
11. What element MUST be present for both steps of cellular respiration to occur?
Unit: 6:
1. What is a somatic cell? A gamete?
2. What types of organisms go through binary fission?
2
3. Define the following: gene, chromosome, chromatid, homologous chromosomes, haploid, diploid.
4. What is the name of the cell formed when two gametes fuse? Is this cell haploid or diploid?
5. List the steps of the cell cycle and describe what is happening at each phase.
6. What are the 3 stages to interphase? What step does the cell spend most of its life in?
7. What is mitosis? What types of cells are produced by mitosis?
8. Which stage in mitosis does the cell membrane dissolve? What is cytokinesis?
9. When normal control of the cell cycle fails, __________ may develop.
10. What is a mutation? What are the 4 types mutations?
11. How many chromosomes are in a human cell?
12. What is meiosis?
13. How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
14. What kinds of cells are produced by meiosis? How many are produced?
15. What are the stages of meiosis?
16. How is anaphase I of meiosis different than anaphase of mitosis?
17. What is crossing over and when can it occur?
18. What is spermatogenesis? What is oogenesis? How are they different?
19. Describe asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
20. What is produced by asexual reproduction?
21. Which type of reproduction creates the most opportunity for genetic diversity? Why is this important to
life?
22. If a body cell has 52 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the haploid gamete?
Unit: 7:
1. What is replication and when does it happen? Describe the 3 basic steps.
2. What is DNA? Where is it located?
3. Describe the shape of DNA.
4. The building blocks of DNA are called ___________________, which have 3 parts:
_________________________, ___________________________,
_______________________________.
5. What makes up the “rungs” of the DNA ladder?
6. What does DNA stand for?
7. If a DNA strand, AATCTGG, is replicated, what would the complimentary strand be?
8. Nitrogen bases are classified as purines or pyrimidines. What bases are purines? What base are
pyrimidines?
9. Describe the steps of making mRNA from DNA. What is this process called?
10. Compare and contrast RNA and DNA.
11. What part of the cell uses mRNA as instructions to make a protein?
12. What are the building blocks of proteins?
13. What is tRNA and how is it involved in protein synthesis?
14. What is a codon? Where is it found? (DNA, mRNA, tRNA)
15. If the following strand of DNA is used to make mRNA, what codons will be found on the
corresponding mRNA?
DNA: TTTACGCGGT
16. If the following codons were found on mRNA, what would the anticodons on tRNA be?
mRNA: CAG-AAA-UAU-UUU
17. Using the circle chart, what amino acids would be added together based on the codons found on this
strand of mRNA?
mRNA: AUG-UAU-UUU-CCG-AUC
18. Transcribe this strand of DNA to mRNA, and then translate that mRNA into a protein.
3
DNA: TACCCGTAATTTCGC
mRNA:
protein:
19. What is a mutation? Describe each type of mutation discussed in class.
Unit: 8:
1. Who was the father of genetics?
2. Describe the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
3. Define the following terms: homozygous, heterozygous, phenotypes, genotypes, alleles, dominant,
recessive, genetics, and heredity.
4. Black eyes (B) are dominant to red eyes (b) in rats. If a heterozygous rat and a rat with red eyes mate,
what is the probability that the offspring will have red eyes?
5. If an organism is exhibiting the dominant phenotype, do you know the genotype? How can you
determine the genotype?
6. If tall is dominant (T) to short (t) in pea plants, what would the genotype be if a plant’s phenotype was
short?
4