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Exam 2
Review
Ch. 8 “Mitosis”
 How do prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce?
 Be able to describe the stages of Interphase (G1, S, G2).
o Which part of interphase does a cell perform its normal, everyday
functions?
o What is occurring during the S phase?
o What are sister chromatids? How are they held together?
 What are the stages of Mitosis?
 What type of cells undergo Mitosis? Meiosis?
Ch. 9 “Meiosis”
 What are homologous chromosomes?
o **All sexually reproducing living organisms obtain half of their genetic
information from each parent. Each parent contributes one of the two
homologous chromosomes.
 What type of cells result from Meiosis? Sex cells or somatic (body) cells?
Diploid (2n) cells or haploid (n) cells? Genetically identical or genetically
different?
 If the chromosome number of a diploid cell is 102, what is its haploid
chromosome number?
 What is a zygote and when is it formed?
 Meiosis involves a single duplication of DNA followed by two successive cell
divisions. When during meiosis do homologous chromosomes cross over?
Ch. 10 “Foundations of Genetics”
 Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants for his genetic studies?
 What is the name given to the alternate versions of a gene?
 What is the name given to an individual that has two identical alleles? (both
dominant or both recessive)
 What is the law of independent assortment? Will genes for different traits
segregate together or independently of one another?
 Name three processes that promote genetic variation (differences) in a population.
 Individuals that are homozygous (ex. TT or tt) are said to be true-breeding. What
is the genotype and phenotype of the following cross? TT x tt
 Be able to properly label the p generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation of a
genetic cross.
 If two heterozygote Tall pea plants were crossed what would be the result in the
F1? Be sure to identify the genotype and phenotype.
 What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
o What are the result of the following cross:
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White flower (WW) X Pink Flower (RW)
Is this an example of codominance or incomplete dominance?
Review the ABO blood groups. Which two blood types are dominant? Which
one is codominant? Which one is recessive? What do you get if you cross an
individual with AB blood type and O blood type?
What is the probability that two individuals that are heterozygous for free earlobes
have a child with attached earlobes? (**Free earlobes is dominant to attached
earlobes)
Ch. 11 “DNA: The Genetic Material”
 What is the significance of the Griffith-Avery and Hershey-Chase experiments?
 What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
 A gene is a group of DNA nucleotides that contain the information to produce a
single protein.
 What is the central dogman of gene expression?
 Desribe Chargaff’s rules. (What does A pair with? T? G? C?)
 What is the complementary mRNA strand to the following DNA strand:
TTCCAGCCGAAT
 Why is DNA replication considered a semi-conservative process?
Ch. 12 “How Genes Work”
 What is the name given to the newly synthesize strand that is replicated toward
the replication fork? Away from the replication fork?
 mRNA is a copy of DNA. Once mRNA is copied and leaves the nucleus, what
organelle does it associate with to produce proteins?
 What molecule carries each amino acid that pairs up with the codon found on the
mRNA strand?
 What is the complementary anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon that
reads UUA?
 What amino acid corresponds to the mRNA codon AAC?
 Eukaryotic chromosomes contain an alternation of exons and introns. What is the
difference between an intron and an exon? Which one has the information coding
for a sequence of amino acids?
 Before the mRNA exits the nucleus it is edited. Are the introns or exons removed
from the premRNA?
 What percentage of the human genome is composed of noncoding regions of
DNA?
 What percentage of the human genome actually codes for protein?
 DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins. Which stage comes
first?
 Why do deletions, insertions, and substitutions lead to improper formation of
functional proteins, mutations, and alternate alleles?
 What is the name given to a chemical that causes mutations?
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