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Biology-S Open-Ended Review Question 1 – Safety Rules • Wear protective equipment including goggles, aprons, and gloves • When using heat – always use tongs or heat gloves – never point heated objects towards people. • Waft to smell unknowns • No food or drink in the lab • Carry and use sharp objects (scalpel or scissors) appropriately Question 2 – Diffusion and Osmosis • Osmosis – diffusion of water • Hypertonic – more solute outside the cell, water gets sucked out • Hypotonic – less solute outside the cell, water gets sucked in • Isotonic – concentration of solute is equal on both sides • Quick experiment – the gummy bear with the salt and plain water. Question 3 – Cell Organelles • Cell membrane – monitors materials into and out of the cell • Active transport – move against a concentration gradient (pumps) • Passive transport – no energy required to move molecules – Facilitated diffusion (carrier proteins) – Channels Question 4 - Genetics • • • • • • • Homozygous dominant – RR (red) Homozygous recessive – rr (white) Heterozygous – Rr (red) RR x RR (100% RR, 100% red) rr x rr (100% rr, 100% white) RR x rr (100% Rr, 100% red) Rr x Rr (25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr, 75% red, 25% white) • RR x Rr (50% RR, 50% Rr, 100% red) • rr x Rr (50% Rr, 50% rr, 50% red, 50% white) Question 5 – Base pairing rules • DNA to DNA – A=T, C=G • DNA to mRNA (creates codons) – A=U, C=G • mRNA to rRNA or tRNA (creates anticodons) – A=U, C=G Question 5 – Determining amino acids • Using the mRNA codon – First letter = left side of table – Second letter = top of the table – Third letter = right side of the table Question 5 – Protein Synthesis • Two steps – Transcription – mRNA copies DNA in the nucleus – Translation – mRNA carries information to the ribosomes where rRNA and tRNA translate the mRNA to obtain amino acids and build proteins Question 6 – Prokaryote v. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes – No defined nucleus – No membranebound organelles – Believed to be earliest known cells • Eukaryotes – Well defined nucleus – Membrane bound organelles – Believed to have evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes Question 7 – Well-designed experiment • Control – something to compared against (can be positive or negative) • Independent variable – variable that experimenter controls (example – time) • Dependent variable – variable that the experimenter is collecting data on (example – growth of a plant) Question 8 – Macromolecules • Carbohydrates – used for energy • Lipids – long term energy storage, protective coating (wax) • Proteins – structure • Nucleic acid – information storage Question 9 – Ecological interactions • Mutualism – everyone wins! All parties benefit (wrasse and pleny) • Commensalism – I win, you are neither helped nor harmed (barnacles on a whale) • Parasitism – I win, you lose! (tape worms, ring worms) Question 10 – Food web • Producers – photosynthetic organisms • Primary consumers – herbivores • Secondary consumers – carnivores • Higher order consumers – top predators (humans, eagles, lions etc.) Question 11 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis – 6CO2+6H2OC6H12 O6+6O2 – Reactants – carbon dioxide, water (in the presence of sunlight) – Products – glucose and oxygen • Cellular respiration – C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O – Reactants – glucose and oxygen – Products – carbon dioxide and water The products of photosynthesis “power” the process of cellular respiration which “powers” all the other processes that living things do! Good Luck! • If you paid attention during this review and you look these questions over a couple of times … • You are prepared for the open-ended portion of the Biology-S exam! • 12 questions you pick 15. • Budget your time accordingly on test day.
