Structure and function of Escherichia coli valine transfer RNA in
... located in the anticodon loop, possesses the necessary information to recognize the codon on mRNA. There are 15 invariant positions that always contain the same base, and eight semiinvariant positions that always have either a purine or a pyrimidine (Figure 1 A). The chain length of the known tRNAs ...
... located in the anticodon loop, possesses the necessary information to recognize the codon on mRNA. There are 15 invariant positions that always contain the same base, and eight semiinvariant positions that always have either a purine or a pyrimidine (Figure 1 A). The chain length of the known tRNAs ...
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body
... In embryos, the decapping enzyme subunits DCAP-1 and DCAP-2 colocalize with these other P body factors in P body–like particles (Lall et al., 2005; Squirrell et al., 2006). Germ granules (P granules) represent a distinct type of mRNP granule in C. elegans (Strome, 2005). Unlike the small cytoplasmic ...
... In embryos, the decapping enzyme subunits DCAP-1 and DCAP-2 colocalize with these other P body factors in P body–like particles (Lall et al., 2005; Squirrell et al., 2006). Germ granules (P granules) represent a distinct type of mRNP granule in C. elegans (Strome, 2005). Unlike the small cytoplasmic ...
Complex Degradation Processes Lead to Non
... framework, into which one can incorporate additional molecular details about specific degradation mechanisms. Experimentally, the decay patterns are often determined by the measurement of the decaying average amount of each mRNA species at steady state expression, in a cell culture after the interru ...
... framework, into which one can incorporate additional molecular details about specific degradation mechanisms. Experimentally, the decay patterns are often determined by the measurement of the decaying average amount of each mRNA species at steady state expression, in a cell culture after the interru ...
Identification and characterization of regulatory factors and
... 3.1.9 The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS activates CsrC synthesis ...........................89 3.2 Virulence factor expression during late phase of infection .........................................93 3.2.1 The nucleoid-associated protein YmoA represses lcrF expression from a promoter upstr ...
... 3.1.9 The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS activates CsrC synthesis ...........................89 3.2 Virulence factor expression during late phase of infection .........................................93 3.2.1 The nucleoid-associated protein YmoA represses lcrF expression from a promoter upstr ...
Regulation of nuclear poly(A) addition controls the expression of
... shown that the half-life of m mRNA roughly doubles from 3±8 to 14±16 h during differentiation (Mason et al., 1988; Cox and Emtage, 1989; Berberich and Schimpl, 1990; Reed et al., 1994). Perry and Kelley (1979) found a 6-fold change in total m mRNA nuclear levels compared with a 150-fold change in cy ...
... shown that the half-life of m mRNA roughly doubles from 3±8 to 14±16 h during differentiation (Mason et al., 1988; Cox and Emtage, 1989; Berberich and Schimpl, 1990; Reed et al., 1994). Perry and Kelley (1979) found a 6-fold change in total m mRNA nuclear levels compared with a 150-fold change in cy ...
Interactions of Elongation Factor 1 Cell Protrusions with F-Actin and
... component, a protein capable of actin binding as well as participating in protein synthesis would be the ideal candidate for a regulatory molecule(s), coordinating both the location and translation of the mRNA. In this work we present evidence that the protein translation elongation factor 1␣ (EF1␣) ...
... component, a protein capable of actin binding as well as participating in protein synthesis would be the ideal candidate for a regulatory molecule(s), coordinating both the location and translation of the mRNA. In this work we present evidence that the protein translation elongation factor 1␣ (EF1␣) ...
Capping protein: new insights into mechanism
... Figure 2. Salient features of actin filament structure and biochemistry. Three actin filaments are shown as space-filling representations of 14 actin subunits aligned in a righthanded two-stranded, 358-Å pitch helix, as described by Holmes et al. [91]. Each protofilament is colored differently (gra ...
... Figure 2. Salient features of actin filament structure and biochemistry. Three actin filaments are shown as space-filling representations of 14 actin subunits aligned in a righthanded two-stranded, 358-Å pitch helix, as described by Holmes et al. [91]. Each protofilament is colored differently (gra ...
Selenocysteine insertion directed by the 3′
... regions immediately downstream of UGA codons such that the distance between UGA and the apical loop of SECIS elements is 20–25 nt; in contrast, in archaea and eukaryotes, SECIS elements are present in 30 -untranslated regions (30 -UTRs) and the distance between the UGA codon and the SECIS element i ...
... regions immediately downstream of UGA codons such that the distance between UGA and the apical loop of SECIS elements is 20–25 nt; in contrast, in archaea and eukaryotes, SECIS elements are present in 30 -untranslated regions (30 -UTRs) and the distance between the UGA codon and the SECIS element i ...
Identification of a C-terminal Poly(A)-binding Protein (PABP)
... tract mRNA family (23), which includes mRNAs encoding components of the protein synthesis machinery. Translation of these mRNAs is linked to the growth status of the cell, and this regulation strictly requires a short sequence of polypyrimidines at their 5⬘ end (reviewed in Ref. 24). Control of PABP ...
... tract mRNA family (23), which includes mRNAs encoding components of the protein synthesis machinery. Translation of these mRNAs is linked to the growth status of the cell, and this regulation strictly requires a short sequence of polypyrimidines at their 5⬘ end (reviewed in Ref. 24). Control of PABP ...
Nonsense Suppression as an Approach to Treat Lysosomal Storage
... The process of translating an mRNA into a protein occurs in four major steps: (1) initiation, when the ribosome assembles onto the mRNA at the correct start signal; (2) elongation, during which the ribosome generates a protein based on the sequence of mRNA codons; (3) termination, which occurs when ...
... The process of translating an mRNA into a protein occurs in four major steps: (1) initiation, when the ribosome assembles onto the mRNA at the correct start signal; (2) elongation, during which the ribosome generates a protein based on the sequence of mRNA codons; (3) termination, which occurs when ...
Gene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans by transitive RNA
... Second, the allele unc-60(su158) carries a deletion within unc-60B that is predicted to destabilize the mature unc-60B mRNA while leaving unc-60A intact (Fig. 1C; Mango 2001; S. Ono, pers. comm.). We reasoned that if transitive RNAi depends on mature unc-60B sequences, this allele should suppress th ...
... Second, the allele unc-60(su158) carries a deletion within unc-60B that is predicted to destabilize the mature unc-60B mRNA while leaving unc-60A intact (Fig. 1C; Mango 2001; S. Ono, pers. comm.). We reasoned that if transitive RNAi depends on mature unc-60B sequences, this allele should suppress th ...
Report Argonaute Loading Improves the 5
... The mechanism responsible for the homogenization of 50 ends remains to be determined. We can imagine that the efficiency of Argonaute loading is affected by the nature of the 50 end of a small RNA, much as the stability of its pairing to the other strand influences this process [15]. The 50 sequence ...
... The mechanism responsible for the homogenization of 50 ends remains to be determined. We can imagine that the efficiency of Argonaute loading is affected by the nature of the 50 end of a small RNA, much as the stability of its pairing to the other strand influences this process [15]. The 50 sequence ...
Nanoarchaeum equitans creates functional tRNAs from
... reason, the N. equitans genes encoding histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase were cloned. The two enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli, and HisRS was purified by flocculation at 80 8C. Both synthetases were active and were able to acylate total N. equitans tRNA with thei ...
... reason, the N. equitans genes encoding histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase were cloned. The two enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli, and HisRS was purified by flocculation at 80 8C. Both synthetases were active and were able to acylate total N. equitans tRNA with thei ...
PureLink® RNA Mini Kit - Thermo Fisher Scientific
... Whole blood: We recommend collecting whole blood in the presence of anticoagulants (e.g. EDTA or citrate) and storing at 4ºC until use. Freshly drawn blood can be used without anticoagulants. You may also process frozen blood. ...
... Whole blood: We recommend collecting whole blood in the presence of anticoagulants (e.g. EDTA or citrate) and storing at 4ºC until use. Freshly drawn blood can be used without anticoagulants. You may also process frozen blood. ...
Interaction between G proteins and accessory в subunits in
... differences due to the inactivation rate. The only exception was the steady-state inactivation protocol, where currents were measured at their peak within 100 ms, since no G protein involvement was studied. All values are means ± s.e.m., and statistical significances were determined by Student’s t t ...
... differences due to the inactivation rate. The only exception was the steady-state inactivation protocol, where currents were measured at their peak within 100 ms, since no G protein involvement was studied. All values are means ± s.e.m., and statistical significances were determined by Student’s t t ...
Ceman, S, O Donnell, WT, Reed, M, Patton, S, Pohl, J and Warren, ST: Phosphorylation regulates translation state of FMRP-associated polyribosomes. Human Molecular Genetics 12:3295-3305 (2003).
... Fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, is absent in patients with fragile X syndrome, a common form of mental retardation. FMRP is a nucleocytoplasmic RNA binding protein that is primarily associated with polyribosomes. FMRP is believed to be a translational repressor and may regulate the trans ...
... Fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, is absent in patients with fragile X syndrome, a common form of mental retardation. FMRP is a nucleocytoplasmic RNA binding protein that is primarily associated with polyribosomes. FMRP is believed to be a translational repressor and may regulate the trans ...
PureYield™ RNA Midiprep System Technical Manual
... Provided for reference. An approximate wet weight of all muscle types is not given. ...
... Provided for reference. An approximate wet weight of all muscle types is not given. ...
Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for
... called the nucleus, which is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the cell. This DNA contains the instructions to build proteins, but proteins are actually built elsewhere in the cell, outside of the nucleus. This means that the instructions must first be copied and th ...
... called the nucleus, which is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the cell. This DNA contains the instructions to build proteins, but proteins are actually built elsewhere in the cell, outside of the nucleus. This means that the instructions must first be copied and th ...
Functional ultrastructure of the plant nucleolus
... rDNA transcription regulators In eukaryotic cells, the ribosome biosynthesis is a complex process which may be controlled at many levels. Transcription initiation seems to be the key stage that determines success of the whole process, hence it is the best characterized step in RNA polymerase I trans ...
... rDNA transcription regulators In eukaryotic cells, the ribosome biosynthesis is a complex process which may be controlled at many levels. Transcription initiation seems to be the key stage that determines success of the whole process, hence it is the best characterized step in RNA polymerase I trans ...
ARTICLES
... CCC, which is 98% conserved with the U32-A38 pair, increases the affinity of the tRNA not only to the cognate codon but also to the near-cognate codons involving third position mismatches21. These results imply that the 32-38 pair influences the affinity of tRNAs in the A site; however, again, these ...
... CCC, which is 98% conserved with the U32-A38 pair, increases the affinity of the tRNA not only to the cognate codon but also to the near-cognate codons involving third position mismatches21. These results imply that the 32-38 pair influences the affinity of tRNAs in the A site; however, again, these ...
Extreme sweetness: protein glycosylation in archaea
... Abstract | Although N‑glycosylation was first reported in archaea almost 40 years ago, detailed insights into this process have become possible only recently, with the availability of complete genome sequences for almost 200 archaeal species and the development of appropriate molecular tools. As a r ...
... Abstract | Although N‑glycosylation was first reported in archaea almost 40 years ago, detailed insights into this process have become possible only recently, with the availability of complete genome sequences for almost 200 archaeal species and the development of appropriate molecular tools. As a r ...
Stochastic and reversible aggregation of mRNA with expanded CUG
... infection of a retroviral vector expressing MS2–GFP. Large MS2– GFP foci were observed in the nucleus of the lacZ–MS2–145CUG cell line, whereas no nuclear aggregates were visible in parental C2C12 Tet-Off cells or the lacZ–MS2–5CUG cell line (Fig. 1B). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with p ...
... infection of a retroviral vector expressing MS2–GFP. Large MS2– GFP foci were observed in the nucleus of the lacZ–MS2–145CUG cell line, whereas no nuclear aggregates were visible in parental C2C12 Tet-Off cells or the lacZ–MS2–5CUG cell line (Fig. 1B). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with p ...
Integrated tRNA, transcript, and protein profiles in
... We next asked whether tRNA levels are finely tuned toward codon usage, defined as the frequency in which a particular codon is used with respect to all codons. For most organisms, codon usage is determined using the annotated coding sequence within the genome. Though this approach is necessary where ...
... We next asked whether tRNA levels are finely tuned toward codon usage, defined as the frequency in which a particular codon is used with respect to all codons. For most organisms, codon usage is determined using the annotated coding sequence within the genome. Though this approach is necessary where ...
Molecular diversity through RNA editing: a balancing act
... properties of the intrinsically promiscuous RNA editing machinery paired with the characteristic Alu pair RNA secondary structure induces highly efficient multiple site editing in Alu elements. In fact, predictions based on the existing data posit that more than 98% of all pre-mRNAs are subject to A ...
... properties of the intrinsically promiscuous RNA editing machinery paired with the characteristic Alu pair RNA secondary structure induces highly efficient multiple site editing in Alu elements. In fact, predictions based on the existing data posit that more than 98% of all pre-mRNAs are subject to A ...
Brown, V, Small, K, Lakkis, L, Feng, Y, Gunter, C, Wilkinson, KD and Warren, ST: Purified recombinant Fmrp exhibits selective RNA-binding as an intrinsic property of the fragile X mental retardation protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273:15521-15527 (1998).
... binding (15). However, whether the observed RNA binding by Fmrp is mediated directly by the KH domain or through a KH-associated protein present in the translation mixture is unknown (5, 6, 12, 15). Prior to this work, all RNA binding studies with Fmrp were performed in cell lysates. Because these i ...
... binding (15). However, whether the observed RNA binding by Fmrp is mediated directly by the KH domain or through a KH-associated protein present in the translation mixture is unknown (5, 6, 12, 15). Prior to this work, all RNA binding studies with Fmrp were performed in cell lysates. Because these i ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.