Coupling transcription, splicing and mRNA export
... mRNAs are assembled into a distinct ‘spliced mRNP’ complex that targets the mRNA for export (for a review, see [3]). This targeting involves the splicing-dependent recruitment of the mRNA export factor Aly via its direct interactions with the spliceosomal protein UAP56. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ...
... mRNAs are assembled into a distinct ‘spliced mRNP’ complex that targets the mRNA for export (for a review, see [3]). This targeting involves the splicing-dependent recruitment of the mRNA export factor Aly via its direct interactions with the spliceosomal protein UAP56. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ...
Sense codon emancipation for proteomewide incorporation of
... when we would be able to add synthetic amino acids in a proteome-wide manner by genome-wide reassignments of target codons. Here, we elaborate the concept and report first experimental steps towards the emancipation/liberation of degenerate sense codons from their canonical function, a step towards ...
... when we would be able to add synthetic amino acids in a proteome-wide manner by genome-wide reassignments of target codons. Here, we elaborate the concept and report first experimental steps towards the emancipation/liberation of degenerate sense codons from their canonical function, a step towards ...
The presence of monoglucosylated N196
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Oxidative Phosphorylation
... encoded in the nucleus. For example, mammalian cytochrome oxidase (COX) is composed of 13 subunits, three encoded by mitochondrial DNA (subunits, I, II and III) and ten encoded by nuclear DNA. Assembly of each complex involves a coordinated association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, fl ...
... encoded in the nucleus. For example, mammalian cytochrome oxidase (COX) is composed of 13 subunits, three encoded by mitochondrial DNA (subunits, I, II and III) and ten encoded by nuclear DNA. Assembly of each complex involves a coordinated association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, fl ...
Single-molecule insights into mRNA
... (UTR) of the mRNA, interact with RBPs and other proteins to form messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes that are transported along microtubules by kinesin or dynein (reviewed in [37]) (Figure 2). Significant effort has been dedicated to characterizing localization elements and minimal function ...
... (UTR) of the mRNA, interact with RBPs and other proteins to form messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes that are transported along microtubules by kinesin or dynein (reviewed in [37]) (Figure 2). Significant effort has been dedicated to characterizing localization elements and minimal function ...
High levels of tRNA abundance and alteration of tRNA charging by
... Although bortezomib is FDA-approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM, its effects beyond being a proteasome inhibitor are unclear [18,19]. Since bortezomib inhibits proteasome activity and thereby reduces amino acid recycling, we would expect a change in charged tRNA levels after treatmen ...
... Although bortezomib is FDA-approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM, its effects beyond being a proteasome inhibitor are unclear [18,19]. Since bortezomib inhibits proteasome activity and thereby reduces amino acid recycling, we would expect a change in charged tRNA levels after treatmen ...
Late events of translation initiation in bacteria: a kinetic analysis
... 022mRNA). Thus, the ability of the 70S initiation complex to bind EF-Tu´GTP´Phe-tRNAPhe was used to study the completion of initiation and the transition to the elongation state of the ribosome. The 30S initiation complex was formed in the presence of GTP or GDP, or in the absence of nucleotide. The ...
... 022mRNA). Thus, the ability of the 70S initiation complex to bind EF-Tu´GTP´Phe-tRNAPhe was used to study the completion of initiation and the transition to the elongation state of the ribosome. The 30S initiation complex was formed in the presence of GTP or GDP, or in the absence of nucleotide. The ...
The Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor in Xenopus
... polyadenylation site (10, 47, 48). CPSF binds directly to this sequence and is required for both reactions (22, 29). In mammalian somatic cells, purified CPSF consists of four subunits, with molecular masses of 160, 100, 73, and 30 kDa (6, 18, 29). The 160-kDa subunit interacts with the AAUAAA seque ...
... polyadenylation site (10, 47, 48). CPSF binds directly to this sequence and is required for both reactions (22, 29). In mammalian somatic cells, purified CPSF consists of four subunits, with molecular masses of 160, 100, 73, and 30 kDa (6, 18, 29). The 160-kDa subunit interacts with the AAUAAA seque ...
The RNase P Associated with HeLa Cell Mitochondria Contains an
... the mtRNase P and nuRNase P, an artificial mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) precursor [ptRNASer(UCN)] was cloned in the vector pGEM.4Z (Promega). For this purpose, a segment of HeLa cell mtDNA encompassing the whole tRNASer(UCN) coding sequence assigned in the Cambridge sequence (between positions 7445 an ...
... the mtRNase P and nuRNase P, an artificial mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) precursor [ptRNASer(UCN)] was cloned in the vector pGEM.4Z (Promega). For this purpose, a segment of HeLa cell mtDNA encompassing the whole tRNASer(UCN) coding sequence assigned in the Cambridge sequence (between positions 7445 an ...
Reassignment of the gene encoding the Escherichia coli
... the initiator methionine during its biosynthesis. Both N-terminal and the subsequent internal trypticfragment amino acid sequence indicate that the small subunit is neither encoded by hybA, a gene previously identified as encoding the small subunit [Menon et al. (1994) J. Bacteriol. 176, 441624423], ...
... the initiator methionine during its biosynthesis. Both N-terminal and the subsequent internal trypticfragment amino acid sequence indicate that the small subunit is neither encoded by hybA, a gene previously identified as encoding the small subunit [Menon et al. (1994) J. Bacteriol. 176, 441624423], ...
Cells and Tissues PPT
... •Sites of protein synthesis •Found at two locations •Free in the cytoplasm •As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ...
... •Sites of protein synthesis •Found at two locations •Free in the cytoplasm •As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ...
Replication-Coupled Packaging Mechanism in Positive
... is a member of the Bromoviridae family. In BMV and FHV, genome packaging is coupled to replication, a widely conserved mechanism among positive-strand RNA viruses of diverse origin. To unravel the events that modulate the mechanism of replication-coupled packaging, in this study, we have extended th ...
... is a member of the Bromoviridae family. In BMV and FHV, genome packaging is coupled to replication, a widely conserved mechanism among positive-strand RNA viruses of diverse origin. To unravel the events that modulate the mechanism of replication-coupled packaging, in this study, we have extended th ...
WW Domains Provide a Platform for the
... analysis. Any “hit” that was not seen in two of three independent experiments or was seen binding to GST alone was eliminated. Also excluded were all actins, myosins, keratins, spectrins, and heat shock proteins. The cellular process for each “hit” was assigned on the basis of published work and Gen ...
... analysis. Any “hit” that was not seen in two of three independent experiments or was seen binding to GST alone was eliminated. Also excluded were all actins, myosins, keratins, spectrins, and heat shock proteins. The cellular process for each “hit” was assigned on the basis of published work and Gen ...
Nucleolus: the fascinating nuclear body
... UBF, close to Wbrillarin-containing caps. In the central body are proteins derived from the GC, some of which are progressively released, such as PM-Scl 100. It was recently demonstrated that certain nucleolar caps of segregated nucleoli could recruit factors involved in mRNA splicing. In this case, ...
... UBF, close to Wbrillarin-containing caps. In the central body are proteins derived from the GC, some of which are progressively released, such as PM-Scl 100. It was recently demonstrated that certain nucleolar caps of segregated nucleoli could recruit factors involved in mRNA splicing. In this case, ...
Evidence for RNA Tumor Viruses in Human
... same DNA-3H, we observed no significant shift to the RNA or hybrid region (Chart 5B). In view of the finding that RD-114 DNA-3H hybridizes to pRNA from human lymphomas to a greater degree than does RLV DNA3H, it was interesting to determine whether DNA-3H synthe sized from a lymphoma spleen would hy ...
... same DNA-3H, we observed no significant shift to the RNA or hybrid region (Chart 5B). In view of the finding that RD-114 DNA-3H hybridizes to pRNA from human lymphomas to a greater degree than does RLV DNA3H, it was interesting to determine whether DNA-3H synthe sized from a lymphoma spleen would hy ...
The nucleolus through the years
... the malignancy (Koller 1963). In most of proliferating cells the nucleolar size was usually large and increased in terminal stages of the cell cycle just before the mitotic division (Schnedl and Schnedl 1972, Nagel 1976). The nucleolar staining properties and especially nucleolar size were used in b ...
... the malignancy (Koller 1963). In most of proliferating cells the nucleolar size was usually large and increased in terminal stages of the cell cycle just before the mitotic division (Schnedl and Schnedl 1972, Nagel 1976). The nucleolar staining properties and especially nucleolar size were used in b ...
Chapter 3 PowerPoint
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
Structure and Organelles
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
Structure of bacterial luciferase
... share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should have a similar three-diinensional structure, and that the two subunits may be related by a pseudo twofold r ...
... share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should have a similar three-diinensional structure, and that the two subunits may be related by a pseudo twofold r ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... aptamers (12,13); the latter method has also been used for tracking single mRNA molecules in mammalian cells (14). The spatial distribution of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has also been examined, with super-resolution imaging studies in live bacteria showing exclusion of ribosomes from the cell nucleoid (15 ...
... aptamers (12,13); the latter method has also been used for tracking single mRNA molecules in mammalian cells (14). The spatial distribution of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has also been examined, with super-resolution imaging studies in live bacteria showing exclusion of ribosomes from the cell nucleoid (15 ...
The Ultrastructure of Megakaryocytes and Blood
... were all associated together in the intermediate and inner zones. Ribosomes contain ribonucleoprotein, which in many cells serves as a template for protein synthesis (Palade and Siekevitz, '56). Thus, in megakaryocytes, ribosomes may be concerned not only with the production of new granules but also ...
... were all associated together in the intermediate and inner zones. Ribosomes contain ribonucleoprotein, which in many cells serves as a template for protein synthesis (Palade and Siekevitz, '56). Thus, in megakaryocytes, ribosomes may be concerned not only with the production of new granules but also ...
Characterization of a Regular Array in the Wall of
... Regular arrays composed of hexagonally or tetragonally arranged protein subunits are present on the wall surface of various bacteria (Glauert & Thornley, 1969). Under certain conditions, isolated subunits from a variety of bacteria possess the ability to reattach to the supporting layer from which t ...
... Regular arrays composed of hexagonally or tetragonally arranged protein subunits are present on the wall surface of various bacteria (Glauert & Thornley, 1969). Under certain conditions, isolated subunits from a variety of bacteria possess the ability to reattach to the supporting layer from which t ...
Type I Factor XI11 Deficiency Is Caused By a
... is a plasma transglutaminase consisting of two catalytic a and two noncatalytic b s~bunits.’.~.~ The a subunit contains an active site region of transglutaminases, and the b subunit is composed of 10 tandem repeats called “Sushi domain^"^ because of their shape, or “short consensus repeats (SCRs)”, ...
... is a plasma transglutaminase consisting of two catalytic a and two noncatalytic b s~bunits.’.~.~ The a subunit contains an active site region of transglutaminases, and the b subunit is composed of 10 tandem repeats called “Sushi domain^"^ because of their shape, or “short consensus repeats (SCRs)”, ...
RNA polyadenylation and decay in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
... the most successful symbiotic events to have occurred over the last 1.5 billion years (1–3). It is assumed that the chloroplast originated from a cyanobacterial ancestor, while mitochondria arose from a a‐proteobacterium. In both symbiotic events, a prokaryotic organism entered the eukaryotic precur ...
... the most successful symbiotic events to have occurred over the last 1.5 billion years (1–3). It is assumed that the chloroplast originated from a cyanobacterial ancestor, while mitochondria arose from a a‐proteobacterium. In both symbiotic events, a prokaryotic organism entered the eukaryotic precur ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.