Synthesis of RNA by Separated Heads and Tails from Bovine
... activity in the presence of MgCI2, 2-mercaptoethanol and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. Although they share many similar reaction parameters, the syntheses in the heads and tails are to variable differential ...
... activity in the presence of MgCI2, 2-mercaptoethanol and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. Although they share many similar reaction parameters, the syntheses in the heads and tails are to variable differential ...
Table S1 Genes with similar expression patterns in Qing2
... Alanine transaminase (glutamic pyruvic transaminase); involved in alanine biosynthetic and catabolic processes; the authentic, non-tagged protein is detected in highly purified mitochondria in high-throughput studies ...
... Alanine transaminase (glutamic pyruvic transaminase); involved in alanine biosynthetic and catabolic processes; the authentic, non-tagged protein is detected in highly purified mitochondria in high-throughput studies ...
Roy M.Long , Wei Gu , Ellen Lorimer,
... resulted in higher She3p C-terminal-dependent b-galactosidase expression (Figure 1A) compared with the M9, M13 and M14 mutations (Chartrand et al., 1999). When other yeast 3¢-UTRs (ADHII) or double-stranded RNAs, like the iron-responsive element (IRE) (Klausner et al., 1993; Melefors and Hentze, 199 ...
... resulted in higher She3p C-terminal-dependent b-galactosidase expression (Figure 1A) compared with the M9, M13 and M14 mutations (Chartrand et al., 1999). When other yeast 3¢-UTRs (ADHII) or double-stranded RNAs, like the iron-responsive element (IRE) (Klausner et al., 1993; Melefors and Hentze, 199 ...
The travels of mRNAs through all cells large and small
... nantly in the mechanism of mRNA localization in oocytes, whereas somatic cells such as fibroblasts used microfilaments for mRNA localization (26). For example, bcd RNA localization in Drosophila oocytes and Vg1 RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes could be disrupted by microtubule-depolymerizing drug ...
... nantly in the mechanism of mRNA localization in oocytes, whereas somatic cells such as fibroblasts used microfilaments for mRNA localization (26). For example, bcd RNA localization in Drosophila oocytes and Vg1 RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes could be disrupted by microtubule-depolymerizing drug ...
ASH1 by Puf6p–Fun12p/eIF5B interaction and released by CK2 phosphorylation Yingfeng Deng,
... ciently blocked 60S joining. Incubation of the E3 RNA with recombinant Puf6 resulted in an increase in the 48S complex and a decrease in the 80S complex similar to results obtained with GMP-PNP (Fig. 1C, filled triangles). This increase of the 48S peak was reproducible using different gradients (see ...
... ciently blocked 60S joining. Incubation of the E3 RNA with recombinant Puf6 resulted in an increase in the 48S complex and a decrease in the 80S complex similar to results obtained with GMP-PNP (Fig. 1C, filled triangles). This increase of the 48S peak was reproducible using different gradients (see ...
RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis
... as the precursor of other biologically essential compounds, i.e., niacin in most eukaryotes, indoleacetic acid in most plants, and indole in many bacte- FIGURE 2. Organization of the trp operon of E. coli. The genes of E. coli required for ria. Thus the regulatory strategies tryptophan biosynthesis ...
... as the precursor of other biologically essential compounds, i.e., niacin in most eukaryotes, indoleacetic acid in most plants, and indole in many bacte- FIGURE 2. Organization of the trp operon of E. coli. The genes of E. coli required for ria. Thus the regulatory strategies tryptophan biosynthesis ...
Human Dcp2: a catalytically active mRNA decapping enzyme
... RNA 49 nucleotides in length carrying a labelled cap structure. The products of the reaction were fractionated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), revealed by autoradiography and identi®ed by comparison with the mobility of known standards. Surprisingly, a decapping activity generating m7GDP was obs ...
... RNA 49 nucleotides in length carrying a labelled cap structure. The products of the reaction were fractionated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), revealed by autoradiography and identi®ed by comparison with the mobility of known standards. Surprisingly, a decapping activity generating m7GDP was obs ...
"Redundancy " & "Junk" for Codons
... Let’s say the cell calls for the amino acid shown here – alanine; to be inserted at multiple points on the polypeptide (multiple aminoacids) chain in a particular protein ...
... Let’s say the cell calls for the amino acid shown here – alanine; to be inserted at multiple points on the polypeptide (multiple aminoacids) chain in a particular protein ...
mRNA surveillance: the perfect persist
... destabilizes mRNAs when located downstream of a nonsense codon has been described (Zhang et al., 1995). This downstream sequence element (DSE) appears to be required for recognition of a stop codon as premature. The yeast protein Hrp1p has been shown to bind to a DSE as well as Upf proteins (Gonzale ...
... destabilizes mRNAs when located downstream of a nonsense codon has been described (Zhang et al., 1995). This downstream sequence element (DSE) appears to be required for recognition of a stop codon as premature. The yeast protein Hrp1p has been shown to bind to a DSE as well as Upf proteins (Gonzale ...
Lecture 1 - "Hudel" Luecke
... http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture20/ahelix3.gif (1 of 2)5/24/2007 12:49:18 PM ...
... http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture20/ahelix3.gif (1 of 2)5/24/2007 12:49:18 PM ...
Hydrostatic pressure-induced changes in cellular protein synthesis
... ribosome that enters the elongation stage of translation [19]. In eukaryotes, more than 10 soluble initiation factors participate in the formation of the mRNA recognition and preinitiation complexes [20], which enable unwinding and scanning of mRNA secondary structure to find a correct initiator AUG ...
... ribosome that enters the elongation stage of translation [19]. In eukaryotes, more than 10 soluble initiation factors participate in the formation of the mRNA recognition and preinitiation complexes [20], which enable unwinding and scanning of mRNA secondary structure to find a correct initiator AUG ...
Stitching proteins into membranes, not sew simple
... chain/SRP complex is targeted to the ER in a GTP-dependent manner where it interacts with the SRP receptor (Rapoport, 2008). Once at the ER membrane the ribosome is thought to engage with a protein conducting channel, the ER translocon (Johnson and van Waes, 1999), with translation resuming once SRP ...
... chain/SRP complex is targeted to the ER in a GTP-dependent manner where it interacts with the SRP receptor (Rapoport, 2008). Once at the ER membrane the ribosome is thought to engage with a protein conducting channel, the ER translocon (Johnson and van Waes, 1999), with translation resuming once SRP ...
Analysis of splice sites in the early region of bovine polyomavirus
... Amplification primers. The location and sequence of the primers used in RT and amplification reactions are presented in Fig. 1(d and e). Each primer contained at least 20 nucleotides complementary to the BPyV genome. The 5' ends of all three primers contained a naturally occurring or an engineered r ...
... Amplification primers. The location and sequence of the primers used in RT and amplification reactions are presented in Fig. 1(d and e). Each primer contained at least 20 nucleotides complementary to the BPyV genome. The 5' ends of all three primers contained a naturally occurring or an engineered r ...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay - Case Western Reserve University
... Upf3 is required to trigger mRNA decay, thus providing a physical and functional link between the EJC and NMD [41!!]. An mRNA can also be recognized as aberrant through mRNP features independent of an EJC, as is the case for several mammalian genes [42]. Moreover, in yeast and Drosophila, for exampl ...
... Upf3 is required to trigger mRNA decay, thus providing a physical and functional link between the EJC and NMD [41!!]. An mRNA can also be recognized as aberrant through mRNP features independent of an EJC, as is the case for several mammalian genes [42]. Moreover, in yeast and Drosophila, for exampl ...
A genetically encoded fluorescent tRNA is active in live
... need for ex vivo technologies. We show here that the fusion of a large RNA aptamer with one of the largest tRNAs, despite each having a well-defined tertiary structure, enables the tRNA to perform live-cell protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. This tRNA–aptamer fusion can be switched on with quant ...
... need for ex vivo technologies. We show here that the fusion of a large RNA aptamer with one of the largest tRNAs, despite each having a well-defined tertiary structure, enables the tRNA to perform live-cell protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. This tRNA–aptamer fusion can be switched on with quant ...
Methods for distinguishing between protein-coding and
... Introduction – the gray area between coding and noncoding transcripts Genome-wide surveys of transcription in mammalians [1-8] and more recently in other vertebrates [9-13] have shown that vertebrate genomes are pervasively transcribed and produce a large variety of processed transcripts, many of wh ...
... Introduction – the gray area between coding and noncoding transcripts Genome-wide surveys of transcription in mammalians [1-8] and more recently in other vertebrates [9-13] have shown that vertebrate genomes are pervasively transcribed and produce a large variety of processed transcripts, many of wh ...
The Bacterial Toxin RelE Displays Codon
... Experimental Procedures). At a RelE concentration four times less than the concentration of ribosomes that were competent in dipeptide formation (Zavialov et al., 2001; Experimental Procedures), peptide synthesis from the mRNA with UAG as stop codon was completely blocked by the toxin. With twenty t ...
... Experimental Procedures). At a RelE concentration four times less than the concentration of ribosomes that were competent in dipeptide formation (Zavialov et al., 2001; Experimental Procedures), peptide synthesis from the mRNA with UAG as stop codon was completely blocked by the toxin. With twenty t ...
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
Creation/Evolution
... specificity further so that it no longer binds the stop codon with new meaning ...
... specificity further so that it no longer binds the stop codon with new meaning ...
Use of Cellular Decapping Activators by Positive
... repress the enzymatic activity of Xrn1 [30]. However, in these two viruses, the regions are located in the 50 UTRs. Intriguingly, other (+)RNA viruses, rather than avoiding or using the degradation activity of the 50 -30 deadenylation-dependent decay machinery, redirect it to other functions. This r ...
... repress the enzymatic activity of Xrn1 [30]. However, in these two viruses, the regions are located in the 50 UTRs. Intriguingly, other (+)RNA viruses, rather than avoiding or using the degradation activity of the 50 -30 deadenylation-dependent decay machinery, redirect it to other functions. This r ...
29. protein targeting and degradation
... signal peptide. In many cases, the targeting capacity of particular signal sequences has been confirmed by fusing the signal sequence from one protein, say protein A, to a different protein B, and showing that the signal directs protein B to the location where protein A is normally found. The signal ...
... signal peptide. In many cases, the targeting capacity of particular signal sequences has been confirmed by fusing the signal sequence from one protein, say protein A, to a different protein B, and showing that the signal directs protein B to the location where protein A is normally found. The signal ...
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Vaccinia Virus. II. Studies on the
... previously noted that such a correlation may also be observed in infected, cycloheximide-treated cells. If actinomycin D (20/zg/ml) is added to these cells at various times after infection and treatment, the inhibition of protein synthesis seen upon removal of cycloheximide does not continue beyond ...
... previously noted that such a correlation may also be observed in infected, cycloheximide-treated cells. If actinomycin D (20/zg/ml) is added to these cells at various times after infection and treatment, the inhibition of protein synthesis seen upon removal of cycloheximide does not continue beyond ...
The Language of Life
... specificity further so that it no longer binds the stop codon with new meaning ...
... specificity further so that it no longer binds the stop codon with new meaning ...
Signatures of nitrogen limitation in the elemental composition of the
... different cellular processes remains poorly understood. By examining the elemental composition of major functional classes of proteins in four multicellular eukaryotic model organisms, we find that the catabolic machinery shows substantially lower N content than the anabolic machinery and the rest o ...
... different cellular processes remains poorly understood. By examining the elemental composition of major functional classes of proteins in four multicellular eukaryotic model organisms, we find that the catabolic machinery shows substantially lower N content than the anabolic machinery and the rest o ...
figure 1 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... different cellular processes remains poorly understood. By examining the elemental composition of major functional classes of proteins in four multicellular eukaryotic model organisms, we find that the catabolic machinery shows substantially lower N content than the anabolic machinery and the rest o ...
... different cellular processes remains poorly understood. By examining the elemental composition of major functional classes of proteins in four multicellular eukaryotic model organisms, we find that the catabolic machinery shows substantially lower N content than the anabolic machinery and the rest o ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.