Pre-mRNA splicing: life at the centre of the central dogma
... an important role in this process (Graveley, 2000). The SR proteins have a modular structure consisting of one or two copies of an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) that determines their RNAbinding specificity, followed by a Cterminal domain rich in alternating serine and arginine residues (the RS domain) ...
... an important role in this process (Graveley, 2000). The SR proteins have a modular structure consisting of one or two copies of an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) that determines their RNAbinding specificity, followed by a Cterminal domain rich in alternating serine and arginine residues (the RS domain) ...
In Vitro
... After RISC-associated enzymes cleave the complementary mRNA in a cell, another enzyme, RNAdependent RNA polymerase, binds to some of these fragments. RdRP synthesizes complementary strands, making more double-stranded RNA. Dicer recognizes these fragments and creates more siRNA. Companion site for B ...
... After RISC-associated enzymes cleave the complementary mRNA in a cell, another enzyme, RNAdependent RNA polymerase, binds to some of these fragments. RdRP synthesizes complementary strands, making more double-stranded RNA. Dicer recognizes these fragments and creates more siRNA. Companion site for B ...
Escherichia Coli Improvement in Recombinant Protein Production in ppGpp-Deficient
... ming et al., 1980; Travers et al., 1982). In addition, ppGpp itself is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis by reducing the RNA chain growth rate, making mRNA limiting for translation during starvation (Svitil et al., 1993). The inability of starved cells to further synthesize recombinant protei ...
... ming et al., 1980; Travers et al., 1982). In addition, ppGpp itself is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis by reducing the RNA chain growth rate, making mRNA limiting for translation during starvation (Svitil et al., 1993). The inability of starved cells to further synthesize recombinant protei ...
Domain organization of human cleavage factor Im 1 Distinct
... the 3’!end of the pre-mRNA (6). In the presence of the nuclear poly(A) binding protein PABPN1, PAP elongates the poly(A) tail in a processive manner (6). These factors are both necessary and sufficient to reconstitute cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro. However other proteins involved in either t ...
... the 3’!end of the pre-mRNA (6). In the presence of the nuclear poly(A) binding protein PABPN1, PAP elongates the poly(A) tail in a processive manner (6). These factors are both necessary and sufficient to reconstitute cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro. However other proteins involved in either t ...
Trade-offs between tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary
... Translation of mRNAs into protein is crucial for cell viability and function and proceeds at a non-uniform rate along transcripts (1). While much focus has been placed on the translation initiation step that is often rate limiting for endogenous genes (2,3), there is growing realization that the var ...
... Translation of mRNAs into protein is crucial for cell viability and function and proceeds at a non-uniform rate along transcripts (1). While much focus has been placed on the translation initiation step that is often rate limiting for endogenous genes (2,3), there is growing realization that the var ...
The topology of the proton translocating F0 component of the ATP
... The resistance of subunit c to proteases, therefore, does not necessarily mean that the subunit is completely embedded in the Iipid bilayer. The amino acid sequence of subunit a is typical for an integral membrane protein. There are several long stretches of hydrophobic amino acids and short segment ...
... The resistance of subunit c to proteases, therefore, does not necessarily mean that the subunit is completely embedded in the Iipid bilayer. The amino acid sequence of subunit a is typical for an integral membrane protein. There are several long stretches of hydrophobic amino acids and short segment ...
Ribosome readthrough
... 2) Aminoglycosides can decrease the fidelity of translation, causing higher frequencies of readthrough Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that interfere with bacterial-protein synthesis. They all have a common 2-deoxystreptamine ring structure, which binds to the ribosome decoding center. R ...
... 2) Aminoglycosides can decrease the fidelity of translation, causing higher frequencies of readthrough Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that interfere with bacterial-protein synthesis. They all have a common 2-deoxystreptamine ring structure, which binds to the ribosome decoding center. R ...
Evolutionary tradeoffs in cellular composition across
... In general, we describe the scaling of a generic cell component (e.g., DNA) as C i ¼ C 0 V bc i , where βi is the exponent for volume (measured in m3 throughout this paper) dependence of the component. It is important to note that if βio1 then component Ci will be a decreasing fraction of total cell ...
... In general, we describe the scaling of a generic cell component (e.g., DNA) as C i ¼ C 0 V bc i , where βi is the exponent for volume (measured in m3 throughout this paper) dependence of the component. It is important to note that if βio1 then component Ci will be a decreasing fraction of total cell ...
Abiogenesis
... From RNA to Cells • Lipids spontaneously form bilayer ‘vesicles’ – These are spherical shells on a molecular scale – They can contain self-replicating RNA strands – This provides an ideal, self-contained environment ...
... From RNA to Cells • Lipids spontaneously form bilayer ‘vesicles’ – These are spherical shells on a molecular scale – They can contain self-replicating RNA strands – This provides an ideal, self-contained environment ...
Subsystem: Succinate dehydrogenase
... The super-macromolecular respiratory complex II (succinate:quinone oxidoreductase) couples the oxidation of succinate in the matrix / cytoplasm to the reduction of quinone in the membrane. This function directly connects the Krebs cycle and the aerobic respiratory chain. In general, it consists of t ...
... The super-macromolecular respiratory complex II (succinate:quinone oxidoreductase) couples the oxidation of succinate in the matrix / cytoplasm to the reduction of quinone in the membrane. This function directly connects the Krebs cycle and the aerobic respiratory chain. In general, it consists of t ...
Post-transcriptional control of gene expression: a genome
... can lead to disease. Gene transcription has received the most attention, both through traditional studies [1] and via recent genome-wide approaches such as expression profiling [2], location analyses of transcription factors [3] and global chromatin remodelling [3]. This bias has both historical and ...
... can lead to disease. Gene transcription has received the most attention, both through traditional studies [1] and via recent genome-wide approaches such as expression profiling [2], location analyses of transcription factors [3] and global chromatin remodelling [3]. This bias has both historical and ...
Synergy and duality in peptide antibiotic mechanisms Dewey G
... The molecular mechanisms by which peptide antibiotics disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis, protein biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and membrane integrity are diverse, yet historically have been understood to follow a theme of one antibiotic, one inhibitory mechanism. In the past year, mechanistic ...
... The molecular mechanisms by which peptide antibiotics disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis, protein biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and membrane integrity are diverse, yet historically have been understood to follow a theme of one antibiotic, one inhibitory mechanism. In the past year, mechanistic ...
Stress puts TIA on TOP
... miR-10a may work as a positive regulator of 59TOP mRNA translation (Orom et al. 2008). Interestingly, miR10a binds immediately downstream from the regulatory 59TOP motif and enhances translation of 59TOP mRNAs. Moreover, miR-10a overexpression alleviates amino acid starvation-induced translational r ...
... miR-10a may work as a positive regulator of 59TOP mRNA translation (Orom et al. 2008). Interestingly, miR10a binds immediately downstream from the regulatory 59TOP motif and enhances translation of 59TOP mRNAs. Moreover, miR-10a overexpression alleviates amino acid starvation-induced translational r ...
Overexpression of yeast karyopherin Pse1p/Kap121p stimulates the
... proteins have in common a role in the traf®cking of molecules across the nuclear pores and the ability to bind Ran, an essential element of all the nucleocytoplasmic transport processes studied so far (GoÈrlich, 1997; GoÈrlich et al., 1997). Kap95p, known as karyopherin b1, is a soluble transport pr ...
... proteins have in common a role in the traf®cking of molecules across the nuclear pores and the ability to bind Ran, an essential element of all the nucleocytoplasmic transport processes studied so far (GoÈrlich, 1997; GoÈrlich et al., 1997). Kap95p, known as karyopherin b1, is a soluble transport pr ...
Domain structure of a human general
... TFIIF (22,23), also termed FC (24), RAP30/74 (25), /3-y in rat (26), or factor 5 in Drosophila (27) is one of the general initiation factors. TFIIF can bind directly to RNA polymerase n (22,24,25) and suppresses nonspecific binding of RNA polymerase n to DNA (24,28,29). Studies on the assembly of tr ...
... TFIIF (22,23), also termed FC (24), RAP30/74 (25), /3-y in rat (26), or factor 5 in Drosophila (27) is one of the general initiation factors. TFIIF can bind directly to RNA polymerase n (22,24,25) and suppresses nonspecific binding of RNA polymerase n to DNA (24,28,29). Studies on the assembly of tr ...
Genes Dev - The Jenny Lab
... cleavage and polyadenylation To isolate a cDNA encoding the 30-kD subunit, CPSF was purified from calf thymus according to Bienroth et al. (1991), separated on a preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel and blotted on polyvinylidifluoride (PVDF). The protein was digested with trypsin in situ and the resul ...
... cleavage and polyadenylation To isolate a cDNA encoding the 30-kD subunit, CPSF was purified from calf thymus according to Bienroth et al. (1991), separated on a preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel and blotted on polyvinylidifluoride (PVDF). The protein was digested with trypsin in situ and the resul ...
Doc S1.
... Determination of mRNA spatial distribution. Mitochondrial RNAs (COX1, COX2) are used to normalise Q-PCR results and determine mitochondrial purification yield (η). This yield takes into consideration efficiency of different steps from biochemical purification to RT PCR. ...
... Determination of mRNA spatial distribution. Mitochondrial RNAs (COX1, COX2) are used to normalise Q-PCR results and determine mitochondrial purification yield (η). This yield takes into consideration efficiency of different steps from biochemical purification to RT PCR. ...
The Molecular Origins of Life - National Center for Case Study
... to form ribonucleotides (a chemical composed of a ribose, a nucleobase, and a phosphate). In time, perhaps aided by mineral or clay catalysts, ribonucleotides assembled into long chain polymers to form RNAs of varying sequences (see Figure 2, next page). These diverse RNAs accumulated on the planet, ...
... to form ribonucleotides (a chemical composed of a ribose, a nucleobase, and a phosphate). In time, perhaps aided by mineral or clay catalysts, ribonucleotides assembled into long chain polymers to form RNAs of varying sequences (see Figure 2, next page). These diverse RNAs accumulated on the planet, ...
Using RNA as Molecular Code for Programming Cellular Function
... associated tools that have advanced RNA circuit programming to a whole new level13,56 (Figure 1). Ribosome Binding Sites. Ribosomes are large multisubunit ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) composed of ribosomal proteins and RNAs (rRNAs) that translate protein coding mRNAs. Although the tertiary structure of ...
... associated tools that have advanced RNA circuit programming to a whole new level13,56 (Figure 1). Ribosome Binding Sites. Ribosomes are large multisubunit ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) composed of ribosomal proteins and RNAs (rRNAs) that translate protein coding mRNAs. Although the tertiary structure of ...
Protocells: At the Interface of Life and Non-Life
... The key point is: a functional molecule (either a protein or an RNA) typically has only one function (two occasionally and at most several in some rare cases). Therefore, given that more and more functions would emerge through evolution, more and more functional molecules would become involved in th ...
... The key point is: a functional molecule (either a protein or an RNA) typically has only one function (two occasionally and at most several in some rare cases). Therefore, given that more and more functions would emerge through evolution, more and more functional molecules would become involved in th ...
Creation/Evolution
... – The RNA world theory might explain these three components Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase, – A protein, thus a product of translation and cannot be explained away by the RNA world theory L Amino Acids ATP - For energy This appears to be an irreducibly complex system ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
... – The RNA world theory might explain these three components Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase, – A protein, thus a product of translation and cannot be explained away by the RNA world theory L Amino Acids ATP - For energy This appears to be an irreducibly complex system ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
Chapter 10 - People Server at UNCW
... The Genetic Code • The correspondence between the chemical languages of mRNA and proteins • In the1960s, researchers used logic and clever experiments on simple genetic systems to decipher the genetic code ...
... The Genetic Code • The correspondence between the chemical languages of mRNA and proteins • In the1960s, researchers used logic and clever experiments on simple genetic systems to decipher the genetic code ...
Membrane vesicle-mediated release of bacterial
... would therefore have the ability to carry cytoplasmic constituents, leading to a few speculations on how RNA might enter the vesicles. One explanation might be via protein synthesis that occurs in the vicinity of the blebbing membrane. Translation machinery proteins are entrapped in vesicles of V. c ...
... would therefore have the ability to carry cytoplasmic constituents, leading to a few speculations on how RNA might enter the vesicles. One explanation might be via protein synthesis that occurs in the vicinity of the blebbing membrane. Translation machinery proteins are entrapped in vesicles of V. c ...
Bacterial ribosome requires multiple L12 dimers for efficient initiation
... hinges were proposed to form the core dimer (12). However, this model failed to justify the strong dimer interaction in L12 dimer, had no functional relevance and was contradicted by an NMR structure where both the hinges were seen in fully extended form (9,11). Thus it is now universally accepted t ...
... hinges were proposed to form the core dimer (12). However, this model failed to justify the strong dimer interaction in L12 dimer, had no functional relevance and was contradicted by an NMR structure where both the hinges were seen in fully extended form (9,11). Thus it is now universally accepted t ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.