Review THE SELECTION OF APTAMERS SPECIFIC FOR
... RNA molecules exhibit remarkable conformational flexibility and functional versatility [1]. RNA aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides composed of ca. 20 to 100 nucleotides. Their unique three-dimensional structures confer specificity for binding to the target: the Latin “aptus” means “to fit ...
... RNA molecules exhibit remarkable conformational flexibility and functional versatility [1]. RNA aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides composed of ca. 20 to 100 nucleotides. Their unique three-dimensional structures confer specificity for binding to the target: the Latin “aptus” means “to fit ...
Tetracyclines
... 17. Which mechanism of resistance the bacteria can use to resist tetracycline without undergoing mutations, or inactivation of antibiotic? 18. How bacteria can inactivate tetracycline by TetX 19. Does methacycline is acid stable? 20. Correct the error in the following name of tetracycline (4-dimethy ...
... 17. Which mechanism of resistance the bacteria can use to resist tetracycline without undergoing mutations, or inactivation of antibiotic? 18. How bacteria can inactivate tetracycline by TetX 19. Does methacycline is acid stable? 20. Correct the error in the following name of tetracycline (4-dimethy ...
Self-Referential Encoding on Modules of Anticodon Pairs—Roots of
... Another self-referential cycle couples with these endogenous, uniquely cellular identity structures and establishes (hetero-referential) relations with the environment. The two cycles together comprise the definition of the cell (the living being) as a metabolic flow system. The relational cycle is ...
... Another self-referential cycle couples with these endogenous, uniquely cellular identity structures and establishes (hetero-referential) relations with the environment. The two cycles together comprise the definition of the cell (the living being) as a metabolic flow system. The relational cycle is ...
Untitled - Normalesup.org
... In parallel, as can be seen from the huge amount of effort devoted to the study of transcription factors, chromatin structure and regulatory cascades at the transcription initiation level, the paradigm for the control of gene expression at this level implicitly assumes that mRNA molecules will turno ...
... In parallel, as can be seen from the huge amount of effort devoted to the study of transcription factors, chromatin structure and regulatory cascades at the transcription initiation level, the paradigm for the control of gene expression at this level implicitly assumes that mRNA molecules will turno ...
Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of
... 2007). Although the binding site of linezolid overlaps with those of several other peptidyl transferase inhibitors, its interactions with the ribosome are specific enough to allow for linezolid activity against bacterial pathogens that developed resistance to other antibiotics that target the riboso ...
... 2007). Although the binding site of linezolid overlaps with those of several other peptidyl transferase inhibitors, its interactions with the ribosome are specific enough to allow for linezolid activity against bacterial pathogens that developed resistance to other antibiotics that target the riboso ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document: PROGRAMMED
... anticodon interact with a small amount of discrimination energy. The codon:anticodon interaction is monitored spatially by 16S rRNA bases in the A site. These bases include G529, G530, A1492, and A1493, which are all required for viability and tRNA binding (Ogle et al, 2005). When a cognate tRNA is ...
... anticodon interact with a small amount of discrimination energy. The codon:anticodon interaction is monitored spatially by 16S rRNA bases in the A site. These bases include G529, G530, A1492, and A1493, which are all required for viability and tRNA binding (Ogle et al, 2005). When a cognate tRNA is ...
Disrupted mRNA sorting in CNS neurons
... translation, and provide a means for movement. To date, most studies have focused on the sequences and structural features of mRNAs which are sufficient to direct localization when introduced as reporter constructs (Mayford et al., 1996b; MacDonald and Kerr, 1998; Muslimov et al., 1997; for review s ...
... translation, and provide a means for movement. To date, most studies have focused on the sequences and structural features of mRNAs which are sufficient to direct localization when introduced as reporter constructs (Mayford et al., 1996b; MacDonald and Kerr, 1998; Muslimov et al., 1997; for review s ...
Molecular Characterisation of the 76 kDa Iron
... between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in different organisms, whereas genes for a homologous multisubunit complex in chloroplasts have to date only been found on the plastid genome. In potato (Solatium tuberosum L.), the gene coding for the mitochondrial 76 kDa iron-sulphur protein is identi ...
... between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in different organisms, whereas genes for a homologous multisubunit complex in chloroplasts have to date only been found on the plastid genome. In potato (Solatium tuberosum L.), the gene coding for the mitochondrial 76 kDa iron-sulphur protein is identi ...
A Genomic Screen in Yeast Reveals Novel Aspects of
... genes involved in the nonstop mRNA decay pathway. These strains contained null mutations in the URA3 and HIS3 genes and a complete deletion in a nonessential open reading frame. Each strain from the collection was individually transformed with a plasmid containing a selectable URA3 gene and a his3-n ...
... genes involved in the nonstop mRNA decay pathway. These strains contained null mutations in the URA3 and HIS3 genes and a complete deletion in a nonessential open reading frame. Each strain from the collection was individually transformed with a plasmid containing a selectable URA3 gene and a his3-n ...
Rapid RNA Exchange in Aqueous Two-Phase System and Coacervate Droplets Christian Hentrich
... within which they reside. While there has been great progress in understanding prebiotically plausible vesicle assembly and replication pathways (Budin and Szostak 2010; Chen and Walde 2010), combining both encapsulation and replication into a functional model protocell presents additional challenge ...
... within which they reside. While there has been great progress in understanding prebiotically plausible vesicle assembly and replication pathways (Budin and Szostak 2010; Chen and Walde 2010), combining both encapsulation and replication into a functional model protocell presents additional challenge ...
Regulatory assembly of the vacuolar proton pump VOV1
... to monitor the variable subunit composition of VOV1-ATPase parts. VOV1-ATPase shows a remarkable dis- and re-assembling process in response to nutrition conditions. In order to gain detailed information about this process we focused on subunits C and E of the V1 part. Different fluorescent proteins ...
... to monitor the variable subunit composition of VOV1-ATPase parts. VOV1-ATPase shows a remarkable dis- and re-assembling process in response to nutrition conditions. In order to gain detailed information about this process we focused on subunits C and E of the V1 part. Different fluorescent proteins ...
The Genome-linked Protein of Picornaviruses. VIII. Complete Amino
... glycine. Recently, glutaminyl-glycine pairs have been shown to be cleavage sites for a virusspecific proteinase (Hanecak et al., 1982). Moreover, the glycine residue following the carboxyterminal glutamine of VPg is the amino terminus of P3-2, the cleavage product adjacent to VPg (Semler et al., 198 ...
... glycine. Recently, glutaminyl-glycine pairs have been shown to be cleavage sites for a virusspecific proteinase (Hanecak et al., 1982). Moreover, the glycine residue following the carboxyterminal glutamine of VPg is the amino terminus of P3-2, the cleavage product adjacent to VPg (Semler et al., 198 ...
Characterization of the Distal Polyadenylation Site of the ß
... Identification of the Elements Participating in Add2 PremRNA Polyadenylation An effective strategy to study the mechanisms of pre-mRNA processing is based on the use of chimeric reporter minigenes containing the genomic regions of interest [28]. Expression of minigene products is then tested by Nort ...
... Identification of the Elements Participating in Add2 PremRNA Polyadenylation An effective strategy to study the mechanisms of pre-mRNA processing is based on the use of chimeric reporter minigenes containing the genomic regions of interest [28]. Expression of minigene products is then tested by Nort ...
Cell and Molecular Biology
... • What are the A, P, and E sites of a ribosome? What binds at each of these sites? • Does anything beside the ribosome participate in elongation of the amino acid chain? If so, what is it and what does it do? • What signals where translation starts and stops? • What happens to improperly translated ...
... • What are the A, P, and E sites of a ribosome? What binds at each of these sites? • Does anything beside the ribosome participate in elongation of the amino acid chain? If so, what is it and what does it do? • What signals where translation starts and stops? • What happens to improperly translated ...
RNA Synthesis and Degradation during Antibiotic
... treated as above and resuspended in complete medium began to divide only after incubation for 45 min. The requirement for various nutrients during this lag period was determined by withholding the nutrient for 45 min., then adding it back, and determining whether the organisms started growing immedi ...
... treated as above and resuspended in complete medium began to divide only after incubation for 45 min. The requirement for various nutrients during this lag period was determined by withholding the nutrient for 45 min., then adding it back, and determining whether the organisms started growing immedi ...
pdf - The Elf Lab
... only 20 amino acids (1). One amino acid is therefore often encoded by several synonymous codons. These can be read by one transfer RNA (tRNA) or by several isoaccepting tRNAs with sometimes overlapping codon specificity (2). When there are several synonymous codons for an amino acid, these do not oc ...
... only 20 amino acids (1). One amino acid is therefore often encoded by several synonymous codons. These can be read by one transfer RNA (tRNA) or by several isoaccepting tRNAs with sometimes overlapping codon specificity (2). When there are several synonymous codons for an amino acid, these do not oc ...
Figure E Functional classification of crop proteins into COG
... leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; Amino & nucleotide sugar : Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; Cys Met : Cysteine and Methionine metabolism; Ox.ph. : Oxidative phosphorylation; RNA deg. : RNA degradation; Prot ER : Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. ...
... leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; Amino & nucleotide sugar : Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; Cys Met : Cysteine and Methionine metabolism; Ox.ph. : Oxidative phosphorylation; RNA deg. : RNA degradation; Prot ER : Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. ...
Limited Complexity of the RNA in Micromeres of
... since there are now more than two times as many nuclei in the same mass of cytoplasm. This is apparently due to an increase in the concentration of complex sequences in the total RNA. The dashed lines in Fig. 2 (see legend) represent the kinetics of these reactions calculated on the assumption that ...
... since there are now more than two times as many nuclei in the same mass of cytoplasm. This is apparently due to an increase in the concentration of complex sequences in the total RNA. The dashed lines in Fig. 2 (see legend) represent the kinetics of these reactions calculated on the assumption that ...
Chapter 7, part A
... nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. ...
... nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. ...
The Role of the Plant Nucleolus in Pre-mRNA Processing
... The nucleus is the defining eukaryotic organelle. It is highly organised, with chromatin regions containing the genomic DNA and inter-chromatin domains containing the machinery for gene expression and regulation processes (Misteli 2005). The nucleus contains many sub-nuclear structures or bodies tha ...
... The nucleus is the defining eukaryotic organelle. It is highly organised, with chromatin regions containing the genomic DNA and inter-chromatin domains containing the machinery for gene expression and regulation processes (Misteli 2005). The nucleus contains many sub-nuclear structures or bodies tha ...
The Nucleolus under Stress
... snoRNP-mediated modifications include 20 -O-methylation and pseudouridine formation (Matera et al., 2007). The 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs are assembled with ribosomal proteins (RPs) to form the small and large preribosome subunits, which are each exported separately to the cytoplasm and undergo final ...
... snoRNP-mediated modifications include 20 -O-methylation and pseudouridine formation (Matera et al., 2007). The 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs are assembled with ribosomal proteins (RPs) to form the small and large preribosome subunits, which are each exported separately to the cytoplasm and undergo final ...
mRNA Transport in Yeast: Time to Reinvestigate the
... seem significantly smaller than in vertebrates (-100 nm diameter compared with -120 nm); however, they do show octagonal symmetry and the diameters of their central structures are similar. In addition to the approximately one dozen known nuclear pore complex proteins (NSP or NUP nucleoporins), many ...
... seem significantly smaller than in vertebrates (-100 nm diameter compared with -120 nm); however, they do show octagonal symmetry and the diameters of their central structures are similar. In addition to the approximately one dozen known nuclear pore complex proteins (NSP or NUP nucleoporins), many ...
Protein translation in Plasmodium parasites
... amino acids for protein synthesis, but the most important for growth in vivo remain unclear. Of the 20 canonical amino acids, Plasmodium possesses biosynthetic pathways for Asn, Gln, Gly, Pro, Asp and Glu [14]. However, very low amounts of these amino acids are incorporated into Plasmodium proteins ...
... amino acids for protein synthesis, but the most important for growth in vivo remain unclear. Of the 20 canonical amino acids, Plasmodium possesses biosynthetic pathways for Asn, Gln, Gly, Pro, Asp and Glu [14]. However, very low amounts of these amino acids are incorporated into Plasmodium proteins ...
- David R. Liu
... 1998; Ryadnov, 2007; Dill et al., 2007). Evolvable Synthetic Polymers The highly effective evolution-based approach to generating functional polymers in the laboratory has historically been limited to two types of molecules—proteins and nucleic acids— because for decades they were the only polymers ...
... 1998; Ryadnov, 2007; Dill et al., 2007). Evolvable Synthetic Polymers The highly effective evolution-based approach to generating functional polymers in the laboratory has historically been limited to two types of molecules—proteins and nucleic acids— because for decades they were the only polymers ...
The Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and
... were grown for 16 h at 37 °C before harvesting. For reference, other samples were labeled for 2 h with [35S]methionine in the presence of cycloheximide and then immediately harvested. Analysis of Mitochondrial Ribosomes and Polysomes—For the analysis of mitochondrial polysomes, cells were labeled wi ...
... were grown for 16 h at 37 °C before harvesting. For reference, other samples were labeled for 2 h with [35S]methionine in the presence of cycloheximide and then immediately harvested. Analysis of Mitochondrial Ribosomes and Polysomes—For the analysis of mitochondrial polysomes, cells were labeled wi ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.