Bone morphogenetic protein 4: a ventralizing factor
... but that it then diverges in the same way as XBMP-4.1 (data not shown). It is possible that XBMP-4.4 contains the entire intron; our method for selecting the largest inserts (see Materials and Methods) may inadvertently have led us to isolate cDNAs representing unprocessed transcripts. The amino aci ...
... but that it then diverges in the same way as XBMP-4.1 (data not shown). It is possible that XBMP-4.4 contains the entire intron; our method for selecting the largest inserts (see Materials and Methods) may inadvertently have led us to isolate cDNAs representing unprocessed transcripts. The amino aci ...
Identification and cDNA cloning of a Xenopus nucleolar
... dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus, both and have been ...
... dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus, both and have been ...
Viroids - general characteristics and examples of diseases caused
... ornage(Poncirus trifoliate)is used as root stock. Hop stunt viroid has a wide range of hosts. Mechanism of viroid pathogenesis in plants has been elucidated recently. Structure of Viroids Viroids are nucleic acids that exists naturally with no protein coat. They consist of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Th ...
... ornage(Poncirus trifoliate)is used as root stock. Hop stunt viroid has a wide range of hosts. Mechanism of viroid pathogenesis in plants has been elucidated recently. Structure of Viroids Viroids are nucleic acids that exists naturally with no protein coat. They consist of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Th ...
Stationary phase, amino acid limitation and recovery
... well as bulk mRNA have been shown to increase during starvation in Vibrio sp. S14 (Albertson et al., 1990) and in E. coli (Albertson & Nystrom, 1994). Obviously, growth rate, growth phase and medium composition impact the stabilities of specific transcripts as well as bulk mRNA. Since mRNA degradati ...
... well as bulk mRNA have been shown to increase during starvation in Vibrio sp. S14 (Albertson et al., 1990) and in E. coli (Albertson & Nystrom, 1994). Obviously, growth rate, growth phase and medium composition impact the stabilities of specific transcripts as well as bulk mRNA. Since mRNA degradati ...
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... or from 18 to 21 h (i.e. after culture) are shown in Figs 3 and 4 respectively. These profiles confirm that maturation is accompanied by major changes in the patterns of protein synthesis which involve a substantial increase of incorporation into some polypeptides and a substantial reduction of inco ...
... or from 18 to 21 h (i.e. after culture) are shown in Figs 3 and 4 respectively. These profiles confirm that maturation is accompanied by major changes in the patterns of protein synthesis which involve a substantial increase of incorporation into some polypeptides and a substantial reduction of inco ...
Designing logical codon reassignment
... During their life-time, most proteins in vivo undergo some form of chemical or enzymatic modication aer translation, such as phosphorylation, sulfation, nitration, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination or lipidation of the amino acid side chains. Such modications are important i ...
... During their life-time, most proteins in vivo undergo some form of chemical or enzymatic modication aer translation, such as phosphorylation, sulfation, nitration, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination or lipidation of the amino acid side chains. Such modications are important i ...
Comparison of modeling options for the mRNA Life cycle
... transcription process, which produces copies of the genetic information in the form of mRNA molecules. The mRNA molecules are then transcribed into proteins, which are the machines that carry out all the functions in a living organism. The level of the single proteins is what determines the phenotyp ...
... transcription process, which produces copies of the genetic information in the form of mRNA molecules. The mRNA molecules are then transcribed into proteins, which are the machines that carry out all the functions in a living organism. The level of the single proteins is what determines the phenotyp ...
Mak5 and Ebp2 Act Together on Early Pre-60S Particles and
... Ribosomes are the molecular machines that translate mRNAs into proteins. The synthesis of ribosomes is therefore a fundamental cellular process and consists in the ordered assembly of 79 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) into a small 40S and a large 60S ribosomal subuni ...
... Ribosomes are the molecular machines that translate mRNAs into proteins. The synthesis of ribosomes is therefore a fundamental cellular process and consists in the ordered assembly of 79 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) into a small 40S and a large 60S ribosomal subuni ...
Aberrant mRNA Transcripts and the Nonsense
... Plant nucleoli differ from animal nucleoli in their structural organization. The plant nucleolus contains a much larger proportion of dense fibrillar component (DFC) than animal nucleoli. The DFC is surrounded by the granular component and plant nucleoli often have a nucleolar cavity (Brown and Shaw ...
... Plant nucleoli differ from animal nucleoli in their structural organization. The plant nucleolus contains a much larger proportion of dense fibrillar component (DFC) than animal nucleoli. The DFC is surrounded by the granular component and plant nucleoli often have a nucleolar cavity (Brown and Shaw ...
Aberrant mRNA Transcripts and the Nonsense
... Plant nucleoli differ from animal nucleoli in their structural organization. The plant nucleolus contains a much larger proportion of dense fibrillar component (DFC) than animal nucleoli. The DFC is surrounded by the granular component and plant nucleoli often have a nucleolar cavity (Brown and Shaw ...
... Plant nucleoli differ from animal nucleoli in their structural organization. The plant nucleolus contains a much larger proportion of dense fibrillar component (DFC) than animal nucleoli. The DFC is surrounded by the granular component and plant nucleoli often have a nucleolar cavity (Brown and Shaw ...
Evidence That Ternary Complex (eIF2-GTP-tRNAi
... (Figure 1C, green), suggesting that the small ribosomal subunits found at SGs are components of preinitiation complexes. Consistent with this notion, components of the large ribosomal subunit (L5, L37, and Po) do not accumulate at TIA-1/R⫹ SGs (Figure 1, D–F; middle, red). The merged views (Figure 1 ...
... (Figure 1C, green), suggesting that the small ribosomal subunits found at SGs are components of preinitiation complexes. Consistent with this notion, components of the large ribosomal subunit (L5, L37, and Po) do not accumulate at TIA-1/R⫹ SGs (Figure 1, D–F; middle, red). The merged views (Figure 1 ...
Divergent Functional Properties of the Ribosome
... function, a series of C-terminal truncation mutants of Ssb1 were generated (Figure 1A). Truncation clones were transformed into a ⌬ssb strain and tested for their ability to rescue the phenotypes associated with the lack of Ssb function: cold-sensitivity and hypersensitivity to translation-inhibitin ...
... function, a series of C-terminal truncation mutants of Ssb1 were generated (Figure 1A). Truncation clones were transformed into a ⌬ssb strain and tested for their ability to rescue the phenotypes associated with the lack of Ssb function: cold-sensitivity and hypersensitivity to translation-inhibitin ...
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Ribosome
... primer and covering the two absolutely conserved hydrophobic residues, Tyr-14 (Y) and Phe-17 (F). A 968-bp fragment obtained by 3⬘-RACE was cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO and pCR4TA-TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and its nucleotide sequence was determined as addressed in “Materials and Methods.” A ...
... primer and covering the two absolutely conserved hydrophobic residues, Tyr-14 (Y) and Phe-17 (F). A 968-bp fragment obtained by 3⬘-RACE was cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO and pCR4TA-TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and its nucleotide sequence was determined as addressed in “Materials and Methods.” A ...
A new look at sodium channel b subunits
... Figure 1. A simplified cartoon showing the main events underlying the action potential. (a) Neurons and other electrically excitable cells maintain a plasma membrane resting potential of about 270 mV (the membrane potential is defined relative to the extracellular medium; a potential of 270 mV impli ...
... Figure 1. A simplified cartoon showing the main events underlying the action potential. (a) Neurons and other electrically excitable cells maintain a plasma membrane resting potential of about 270 mV (the membrane potential is defined relative to the extracellular medium; a potential of 270 mV impli ...
N o v e l s ite s o... Johan Ohlson
... Site selective editing substrates.................................................................................. 23 The glutamate receptors ....................................................................................... 23 The serotonin receptor ........................................... ...
... Site selective editing substrates.................................................................................. 23 The glutamate receptors ....................................................................................... 23 The serotonin receptor ........................................... ...
A nucleus-encoded chloroplast protein regulated by iron availability
... M. Goldschmidt-Clermont, unpublished data). As described above, trans-splicing of psaA requires at least 14 nucleus-encoded proteins. However, psaA trans-splicing can be bypassed, without any apparent phenotypic consequence, by introducing an intron-less copy of the gene in the chloroplast genome (L ...
... M. Goldschmidt-Clermont, unpublished data). As described above, trans-splicing of psaA requires at least 14 nucleus-encoded proteins. However, psaA trans-splicing can be bypassed, without any apparent phenotypic consequence, by introducing an intron-less copy of the gene in the chloroplast genome (L ...
cerevisiae - Oxford Academic
... in vitro. For example, Fearon et al. did not find the same amino acids inserted at UAG codons as Feng et al. (21,28). Moreover, the relative quantification of readthrough amino acids was never addressed. With such a diversity of approaches and of organisms studied, and the absence of a systematic su ...
... in vitro. For example, Fearon et al. did not find the same amino acids inserted at UAG codons as Feng et al. (21,28). Moreover, the relative quantification of readthrough amino acids was never addressed. With such a diversity of approaches and of organisms studied, and the absence of a systematic su ...
Cell-Free Synthesis for Analyzing the Membrane
... the production of large quantities of protein. Yields of protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum ...
... the production of large quantities of protein. Yields of protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum ...
Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation
... Most of what we know about mitochondrial translation stems from work in yeast and mammals, which are quite closely related. To understand the conserved features of mitochondrial translation and the evolutionary forces that shaped it, it is important to study the process in a more diverse group of eu ...
... Most of what we know about mitochondrial translation stems from work in yeast and mammals, which are quite closely related. To understand the conserved features of mitochondrial translation and the evolutionary forces that shaped it, it is important to study the process in a more diverse group of eu ...
The origin of a derived superkingdom: how a gram
... sequence signature in their ribosomal RNA [1]. This remains one of the strongest signals found anywhere in the phylogenetic tree. It was truly a revolution in thought when the world realized there were two distinct types of prokaryotes. Besides placement on sequence trees, there are three major area ...
... sequence signature in their ribosomal RNA [1]. This remains one of the strongest signals found anywhere in the phylogenetic tree. It was truly a revolution in thought when the world realized there were two distinct types of prokaryotes. Besides placement on sequence trees, there are three major area ...
unexpected consequences for sense codon reassignment
... acid with the ncAA. Residue specific reassignment operates through precisely controlling the growth medium such that the targeted natural amino acid is removed and replaced by a ncAA that is a close structural analog (24-27). The ncAA is utilized in translation in place of the removed natural amino ...
... acid with the ncAA. Residue specific reassignment operates through precisely controlling the growth medium such that the targeted natural amino acid is removed and replaced by a ncAA that is a close structural analog (24-27). The ncAA is utilized in translation in place of the removed natural amino ...
Coordination of Genomic RNA Packaging with Viral Assembly in HIV-1
... 3. RNA Structural Switches Affecting Translation and Packaging Packaging of the HIV-1 genome is a highly specific process. The major structural protein Gag packages dimers of full-length viral RNA with much greater specificity than spliced viral and cellular RNA species, due to the presence of highl ...
... 3. RNA Structural Switches Affecting Translation and Packaging Packaging of the HIV-1 genome is a highly specific process. The major structural protein Gag packages dimers of full-length viral RNA with much greater specificity than spliced viral and cellular RNA species, due to the presence of highl ...
Tracing the Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotic Membrane
... Associate editor: Sergei Kosakovsky Pond ...
... Associate editor: Sergei Kosakovsky Pond ...
Diverse roles of the Mediator complex in plants
... localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we summarize some of these functions and discuss their inclusion as subunits of the Mediator complex. Backstrom et al., (2007) found the Arabidopsis gene, At1g44910, in two Mediator purifications and thus annotated it as a putative plant specific MED35 su ...
... localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we summarize some of these functions and discuss their inclusion as subunits of the Mediator complex. Backstrom et al., (2007) found the Arabidopsis gene, At1g44910, in two Mediator purifications and thus annotated it as a putative plant specific MED35 su ...
PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit
... LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit The HistoGene LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit simplifies tissue staining and dehydration while maintaining RNA integrity. The HistoGene Kit uses an optimized tissue section processing system that includes reagents and protocols for preserving tissue and cellular RNA ...
... LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit The HistoGene LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit simplifies tissue staining and dehydration while maintaining RNA integrity. The HistoGene Kit uses an optimized tissue section processing system that includes reagents and protocols for preserving tissue and cellular RNA ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.