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Extranuclear Inheritance Maternal Effects Ÿ Phenotype of Offspring is determined (at least in part) by mother’s nuclear genotype. Ÿ Examples w Early Development (later in semester) w Limnaea (snail) Shell Coiling Genotype of mother determines direction of shell coiling of offspring. w Humans: ü Genomic Imprinting Eggs are genomically imprinted, Sperm are not. Prader-Willi syndrome vs Angelman syndrome. ü Uniparental disomies (both chromosomes come from the same parent Organelle Heredity Infectious Heredity Organelle Heredity Eukaryotic Organelles Ÿ Chloroplast Ÿ Mitochondria Mitochondria Structure Ÿ Size: 16kb for Humans & other mammals 18kb for Xenopus & Drosophila 80kb for Yeast 500kb for Corn Ÿ Shape: Circular, with supercoiling (like Prokaryote) Ÿ Replication: w Normal DNA Replication Process w Uses its own DNA polymerase w Occurs at any time in the cell cycle w Single origin of replication Mitochondria -- Molecular Details Ÿ Transcription w Two Transcripts (one using the one strand as the template, the other using the other strand as the template). w RNA polymerase is nuclear in origin w mRNA genes are separated by tRNA genes (used in processing) w No Guanine Cap w Poly-A tail is added (some genes use these As for the final two nucleotides in the stop codon UAA!) Ÿ Translation w mRNA is different from cytoplasmic mRNA, so initiation is probably different w fMet tRNA initiates translation (Prokaryotic) w Some genes are translated in the Mitochondria, others are translated in the cytoplasm. w Some coding dictionary changes Endosymbiont Theory of Evolution of Mitochondria Ÿ Mitochondria evolved from Prokaryotic infection of the cell at some time during the evolutionary development of Mitochondria Ÿ Evidence: w DNA is circular w No nucleus w Prokaryotic antibiotics effect organelle chromsomes w Eukaryotic antibiotics do not effect organelle chromosomes w rRNA in organelles are similar in sequence to rRNA in Prokaryotes Examples of Mitochondrial Traits Ÿ Poky in Neurospora w Slow growth due to defect in aerobic respiration. This is due to a mutation in cytochrome (a & b). w cytoplasmically inherited Ÿ Male sterility gene in Corn Ÿ Petite gene in Saccharomyces w Slow growth w Not able to do aerobic respiration w There is an interaction of the petites with various genotypes in the nucleus Ÿ Mitochondrial Myophathy in Humans w Muscle Fatigue w Unusually large mitochondria Mitochondrial Eve Ÿ Mitochondria is maternally derived in humans Ÿ Males are Mitochondrial Dead ends Ÿ Each individual has a single Mitochondrial Line -- Mother to Maternal Grandmother to Maternal-Maternal Great Grandmother, etc. Ÿ Each generation, some Mitochondrial Lines die out due to no females being born in that line to carry on the mitochondria. Ÿ Evenually, all lines converge to a single female. Ÿ Mutation rates can be used to estimate the time of divergence, as well as the relationship among the different subpopulations in the world. Infectious Heredity Example Kappa Particle in Paramecium Ÿ Killer Strains Ÿ Kappa Particle are bacterial strains living in the cytoplasm of the Paramecium.