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School of Science and Sport Paisley & Hamilton Campus Session 2015–16 Trimester 2 Module Code: BIOL08012 GENETICS Date: 13 May 2016 Time: Duration: 2 hours Attempt ALL questions in Section A (total 20 marks) using the multi choice answer sheet provided Attempt FOUR questions in Section B (total 40 marks) using the answer booklet provided Page 1 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ Section A Answer all Questions on the answer grid provided. Each Question is worth 1 mark. 1. Which of the following is NOT true of recombination frequency (RF) between genes? (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. Which of the following is true of RNA but not of DNA? (a) (b) (c) (d) 3. It contains the base adenine. It is a polynucleotide. It has extensive secondary and tertiary structure. It is unable to be replicated in the cell. With regard to RNA polymerase, which of the following is false? (a) (b) (c) (d) 4. RF can be calculated from the proportion of recombinant offspring. RF can be used to construct gene maps. RF gives an exact value for the physical distance between genes. RF gives an approximate value for the physical distance between genes. It has a proof-reading function. It occurs in several different types in the eukaryotic cell. It acts in a processive manner. It is a DNA-dependent enzyme. Phenylketonuria is autosomal and recessive. The frequency of the phenylketonuria allele is 0.02 (1 in 50). What is the likely frequency of the disease? (a) (b) (c) (d) 0.000 01 (1 in 10 000) 0.000 4 (1 in 2 500) 0.004 (1 in 250) 0.002 (1 in 500) Page 2 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Which of the following states the correct sequence of events in prokaryote DNA replication? (a) (b) (c) (d) 6. Which of the following best describes the role of the promoter? (a) (b) (c) (d) 7. unwinding of DNA double helix, attachment of single-strand binding proteins, synthesis of RNA primer, synthesis of new DNA, separation of daughter molecules. separation of daughter molecules, synthesis of RNA primer, unwinding of DNA double helix, attachment of single-strand binding proteins, synthesis of new DNA. unwinding of DNA double helix, separation of daughter molecules, synthesis of new DNA, attachment of single-strand binding proteins, synthesis of RNA primer. attachment of single-strand binding proteins, synthesis of new DNA, unwinding of DNA double helix, synthesis of RNA primer, separation of daughter molecules. The binding site for DNA polymerase to initiate replication. The binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. The binding site for the Ribosome to initiate translation. The termination site for transcription. In a PCR reaction, which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events in a cycle? (a) (b) (c) (d) Annealing, extension, denaturation. Extension, annealing, denaturation. Denaturation, annealing, extension. Denaturation, extension, annealing. Page 3 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Genes that are repressible are: (a) (b) (c) (d) 9. Housekeeping genes. Usually expressed but can be switched off. Always expressed at a constant level. Usually off but can be switched on. The bonds that join nucleotides in a single strand are: (a) (b) (c) (d) 5’-3’ phosphodiester bonds. Hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonds. 3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds. 10. Which of the following is an example of post-translational processing? (a) (b) (c) (d) Cleavage of the signal peptide. Splicing. 5’-capping. Peptide bond formation. 11. Which of the following is TRUE concerning mutations? (a) (b) (c) (d) All produce phenotypic effects. They can be caused by environmental factors. They always involve a large section of a DNA molecule. They are always inherited. Page 4 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. Which of the following is FALSE concerning lethal alleles: (a) (b) (c) (d) They can cause a decrease in the total number of individuals born in the F1 generation. They always cause death before birth. They can cause a decrease in the number of phenotypic classes seen in the F1 generation. The genes involved probably have a crucial role to play in some aspect of development. 13. Which of the following is NOT a DNA-binding protein? (a) (b) (c) (d) Spliceosome. Histone. DNA Polymerase. RNA Polymerase. 14. The two mechanisms of genetic recombination in higher organisms are: (a) (b) (c) (d) Segregation of alleles and chimaerism. Crossing over and non-disjunction. Independent assortment and crossing over. Hybridisation and mosaicism. 15. Recessive disorders are normally only expressed if the recessive allele is inherited from both parents and the child is homozygous. Which of the following allow(s) a recessive allele to be expressed even although it has only been inherited from one parent? (a) (b) (c) (d) Pseudodominance. Imprinting. Uniparental disomy. All of the above. Page 5 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. Which of the following terms refers to genetic characteristics that are due to several genes? (a) (b) (c) (d) Polygenic effects. Multifactorial inheritance. Multiple allelism. None of the above. 17. Male pattern baldness is autosomal and dominant. Which of the following applies to male pattern baldness? (a) (b) (c) (d) It cannot be passed from father to son. It can only be passed from father to son. It can only be passed from mother to son. None of the above. 18. If one parent has a dominant genetic characteristic and is heterozygous, and the other is homozygous recessive, what is the probability of any of their children inheriting the dominant characteristic? (a) (b) (c) (d) ¾ ½ ¼ 0 19. Select the correct statement regarding an X-linked dominant trait in humans: (a) (b) (c) (d) A female must be homozygous to exhibit the trait. The trait is more commonly seen in males. The phenotype of the male is not helpful in determining which allele is dominant. It can be passed from father to son. Page 6 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. Which one of the following terms best describes the phenomenon when both alleles in heterozygotes are expressed and neither is dominant over the other? (a) (b) (c) (d) Overdominance. Heterozygote superiority. Codominance. Incomplete dominance. Page 7 of 8 Continued overleaf BIOL08012 May 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________ Section B Answer Four Questions 1. (a) (b) Discuss the bonds and interactions between nucleotides that result in the helical structure of DNA. (6) Give an account of the sequence of events that occur in initiation of RNA synthesis in prokaryotes. (4) 2. Use appropriate examples compare and contrast simple dominance, codominance and incomplete dominance (partial dominance). (10) 3. Explain how tRNA fulfils its role as the ‘adaptor’ (or ‘link’) molecule between RNA structure and protein structure. (10) 4. Polydactyly (having extra fingers and/or toes) is autosomal and dominant. (a) A couple are each heterozygous for polydactyly (Pp). Explain the proportion of their children would you expect to have the following? (6) (i) Polydactyly. (ii) No polydactyly (normal number of finger and toes). (b) Polydactyly shows incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Explain what consequence this has for the phenotype of those who inherit the polydactyly allele. (4) 5. (a) Use ONE example to describe regulatable control of gene expression. (6) Describe the role and removal of primers in DNA replication. (4) Explain the potential genetic disadvantages of first cousins having children. (A first cousin is the child of one’s aunt or uncle.) (6) Describe the chimaerism. (4) (b) 6. (a) (b) differences between genetic END OF EXAM PAPER Page 8 of 8 mosaicism and