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Chapter 12 DNA and RNA are analogous to the rungs of a twisted ladder, while the sugar-phosphate backbones of the double helix are analogous to the sides of a twisted ladder. 10. Approximately 28% of the bases would be thymine. and frameshift mutations are both point mutations, because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. However, a substitution affects only a single codon, whereas a frameshift mutation affects all the codons that follow the point of the mutation. 9. Polyploid plants are often larger and stronger. This benefits humans by increasing agricultural production and the food supply. 10. An insertion, or frameshift mutation, has occurred. Section Review 12-2 Section Review 12-5 1. separates 2. two; four 3. base pairing 4. original strand 5. new strand 6. original strand 7. new strand 8. By coiling and folding very tightly, the DNA of a bacterium is able to fit inside of its cell. 9. Typically, chromosomal fibers are dispersed and are not visible. During mitosis, however, they become so tightly packed together as to be visible under a light microscope. 1. The lac genes in E. coli are turned off by repressors. 2. The lac genes in E. coli are turned on by the presence of lactose. 3. Most eukaryotic genes are controlled individually. 4. Both prokaryotes and Section Review 12-1 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. double helix 5. Watson, Crick 6. hydrogen bonds 7. nucleotide 8. sugar-phosphate backbone 9. The hydrogen bonds of DNA Section Review 12-3 1. messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA 2. transcription 3. polymerase 4. translation 5. anticodon 6. Both DNA and RNA consist of a © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSWER KEY long chain of nucleotides. DNA however, contains the base thymine. RNA contains uracil in placce of thymine. DNA is double-stranded; RNA is singlestranded. DNA has a deoxyribose sugar; RNA has a ribose sugar. 7. Messenger RNA carries protein assembly instructions, ribosomal RNA helps to assemble proteins, and transfer RNA carries amino acids used in the construction of proteins. 8. Answers may vary. Having a sequence of DNA that could be edited into several different mRNA molecules makes it possible for a single gene to produce several different proteins specifically used in different tissues. This allows a cell to carry less genetic material. It also makes it possible for very small changes in DNA sequences to have a large change in gene expression. This is a mechanism for evolutionary change. 9. The sequence CGCUAUAGC would produce the amino acid sequence arginine, tyrosine, and serine. 10. During transcription, the DNA would produce mRNA in which the third base is C, not A. Translation however, would be unaffected because the original and the altered codons, CGA and CGC, both specify the amino acid arginine. eukaryotes have sequences that repress and promote gene expression. However, eukaryotic genes tend to be individually controlled and their regulatory sequences are much more complex. 5. Organisms that are more complex, such as eukaryotes, have cells that are specialized for specific functions. Gene regulation needs to be more complex to produce these specialized cells for complex organisms. 6. Even though they belong to different tissues, the different cells of an organism possess the same DNA. However, cells express only a small portion of the DNA they possess, with cells in different tissues expressing different portions of DNA. 7. The lac operon allows E. coli to use lactose as a food. 8. The TATA box is a region of DNA that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the point at which transcription begins. 9. The hox genes seem to function almost identically in humans and fruit flies; they control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the growing embryo. 10. Possible student answer: Because these genes have changed very little in 600 million years, it can be inferred that mutations, if not fatal, are strongly selected against. Chapter Vocabulary Review 1. transfer RNA 2. messenger RNA 3. ribosomal RNA 4. a 5. d 6. c 7. b 8. k 9. e 10. g 11. i 12. f 13. l 14. h 15. j 16. nucleotide 17. base pairing 18. chromatin 19. transcription 20. RNA polymerase 21. exons 22. translation 23. anticodon 24. operator 25. hox genes Section Review 12-4 Enrichment 1. mutations 2. gene mutations 3. chromosomal mutation 4. deletion: involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome 5. duplication: produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome 6. inversion: 1. A radioisotope that was too strongly radioactive might disrupt the normal functioning of the cell. A radioisotope that was too weakly radioactive might be difficult to measure. 2. Because the scientist needs to look at the components of the cell to see if they contain tracer molecules, a quantitative assay might work best. reverses the direction of parts of chromosomes 7. translocation: occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another 8. Substitution Teaching Resources /Chapter 12 157 Graphic Organizer 1. DNA molecule “unzips” and the two strands unwind. 2. Unwound strands of DNA serve as templates for new DNA. 3. DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand. 4. DNA polymerase proofreads the new strands. Exploration Analyze and Conclude 1. Yes, the new DNA sequence should be identical to the original sequence. 2. Each cell receives a DNA molecule consisting of a new strand and an original strand. 3. Mutations would occur that might affect the functions of the proteins specified by the DNA sequence. These mutations could affect the life of the cell. 4. Students may say that the procedure modeled DNA replication fairly well because all the steps of DNA replication could be shown, including the structure of DNA, complementary nucleotides, and the action of DNA polymerase in forming a new strand of DNA. 5. Students’ models should accurately represent DNA replication. © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 158 Teaching Resources /Chapter 12