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DNA STUDENTS WILL: • Identify the parts of a DNA molecule and its structure. • Explain how DNA copies itself. • Describe the structure and function of each kind of RNA. Vocabulary: • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • Gene • Mutation DNA stands for: D: Deoxyribose N: Nucleic A: Acid DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder! Every living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!! What is DNA? • A chemical code used by the cell • Contains GENETIC information important for cell growth and function. • HISTORY OF DNA A. Rosalind Franklin X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) B. Maurice WilkinsX ray pattern of DNA C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953) Watson and Crick: 3-D model of DNA Nobel Prize for 3-D model of DNA DNA STRUCTUR • 2 chains molecules in a spiral form E: - • Shaped like a spiral staircase or a twisted ladder DNA • Steps of the ladder STRUCTURE (rungs) are made up of pairs of nitrogen bases • Sides of the ladder are made up of Sugar Phosphates DNA Double Helix “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C) “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone Watson & Crick proposed… • DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases: • ADENINE (A) – THYMINE (T) • CYTOSINE (C) –GUANINE (G) • DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the “Complementary Rule” Rosalind Franklin’s DNA image “Chargaff’s rule” A=T & C=G BASEPAIRINGS H-bonds G C T A Genetic Diversity… -Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms. Life… The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur. A T C G T A T G C G G… DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes ACTCATGGTCATG TGAGTACCAGTAC Note: THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A GENETIC CODE THAT MAY BE FOUND IN YOUR BODY. EXAMPLE: ATCGTCAGG MAY BE FOR HAIR COLOR. BUT ATCGTCAGC MAY BE FOR EYE COLOR DNA Replication • DNA-copied = identical DNAs • When? Interphase • Steps: 1. Enzyme (helicase) unzips the DNA strand. 2. New bases pair with bases on original DNA 3. 2 new identical DNA are produced. GENES? • A section of DNA that contains instructions for making PROTEINS What are Proteins? Proteins (amino acids) build tissues and cells or work as enzymes How are PROTEINS made? RNA (Ribonulceic acid) - Made inside DNA ( TRANSCRIPTION) - 4 Bases: - Adenine (A) - Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C) - Uracil (U) -Sugar (Ribose) -3 Main Kinds m (RNA) messenger r (RNA) Ribosomal t (RNA) Transfer RNA m (RNA) – carries the DNA code to the ribosomes r (RNA) – makes up part of the Ribosomes t (RNA) – bring amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins DNA Transcriptio n -DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. -Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called TRANSLATION - PROCESS WHERE THE RIBOSOMES SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS WITH THE HELP OF mRNA DNA vs RNA DNA RNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Found in nucleus • Ribonucleic acid • Found in nucleus and cytoplasm • Bases are A,G,C,U • More resistant to damage by ultra-violet rays. • Single stranded molecule • Bases are A,G,T,C • Can be damaged by exposure to ultra violet rays. • Double-stranded molecule Continue… DNA RNA • A-T, G-C • A-U, G-C • Contain the genetic • Responsible for instruction used in making proteins the development and functioning of all cells Mutation ? -A change in the sequence of DNA that codes for a gene or a change in the number of chromosome. What cause Mutation? X-ray Sunlight Chemicals Results of Mutation: Harmful Beneficial Neutral AMAZING DNA FACTS… -DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!! -It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!! (a library of about 1,000 books)