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Co 18 Chapter 18 Autonomic Nervous System Fig. 18.1 Somatic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Posterior root ganglion Anterior root Somatic motor neuron sends nerve impulses to skeletal muscle. Somatic sensory neuron detects stimuli and transmits nerve impulses from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and special senses (vision, hearing, etc.). Skeletal muscle Sensory receptor in skin (a) • Sends stimuli from vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste, touch, proprioception to CNS • Carries voluntary (conscious and unconscious) nerve impulses for skeletal muscle control Fig. 18.1 Autonomic Nervous System • AKA visceral nervous system • Works reflexively and without awareness • Visceral sensory components sense stimuli from blood vessels and internal organs • Autonomic motor components transmit nerve impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic ganglion Preganglionic autonomic motor neuron transmits nerve impulses to a ganglionic motor neuron. Ganglionic autonomic motor neuron transmits Visceral sensory nerve impulses to smooth neuron detects muscle, cardiac muscle, stimuli within blood and glands. vessels and smooth muscle in the Smooth muscle viscera. in trachea Sensory receptor in viscera (b) Fig. 18.2 Lower Motor Neurons of Autonomic Nervous System • Preganglionic neuron extends from brainstem or spinal cord, axon exits CNS in cranial or spinal nerve • Autonomic ganglion is where pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse; houses ganglionic neuron cell body • Ganglionic neuron cell body attached to postganglionic axon Autonomic ganglion Postganglionic axon Preganglionic axon Preganglionic neuron cell body Spinal cord Ganglionic neuron cell body Effector organ (e.g., cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Page 540 1 “Preganglionic” flight from Indianapolis to Chicago (autonomic ganglion) Chicago Indianapolis • Two-neuron system enables more complex signaling and better control • Neuronal convergence and neuronal divergence Miami 2 “Postganglionic” flight from Chicago to Miami (effector organ) Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic • Fight-or-flight response – increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased digestion Parasympathetic • Rest-and-digest response – decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased digestion 6 Overview of Parasympathetic Pathways Figure 18.5 Overview of Sympathetic Pathways Sympathetic trunk ganglia Figure 18.6