Download Health MIDTERM Study Guide

Health MIDTERM Study Guide
Mustafa Azam
Definitions:
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3)
4)
A dendrite is a short branching fiber that carries nerve impulses to the cell body.
A synapses is the nerve impulse that gets transferred to the cell body.
An axon is a long, thin fiber which carries impulses away from the cell body.
The myelin sheath is a fatty material which insulates the axon and increases the speed at
which an impulse travels.
5) The sensory neurons pick up information about your external and internal environment
from your sense organ and your body.
6) Motor neurons send impulses to your muscles and glands, causing them to react.
7) Interneurons, which are located only in the brain and spinal cord, pass impulses from one
neuron to another.
8) The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord.
9) The peripheral nervous system is the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to
other parts of the body.
10) The brain, a moist, spongy organ is made up of billions of neurons that control almost
everything you do and experience.
11) The meninges are three layers of membranes that cover the brain and give it further
protection.
12) The cerebrospinal fluid, a fluid in between certain spaces in the brain, helps to cushion
the brain and protect the brain and spinal cord.
13) The cerebrum is the upper region of the brain. Some regions control them movement of
skeletal muscles; others control memory and reasoning. Still, other regions receive
messages from the sense organs. These areas of the cerebrum interpret the messages as
smells, tastes, sounds, touch, and sight sensations.
14) The cerebellum, just beneath the back part of the cerebrum, coordinates the contraction of
your muscles.
15) The brainstem, located below the cerebellum at the base of the skull, acts as the body’s
life support system such as heart beat, breathing, and blood pressure.
16) The thalamus is a relay station for the senses, receiving impulses from sense organs and
modifying them before they reach the cerebrum.
17) The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, sleep, water balance, and blood pressure.
It also regulates the hormones of the endocrine system.
18) The spinal cord, located from the brain down to just below the ribs, lets nerve impulses
travel from the brain down the spinal cord, and then out to the body.
19) The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain. Located mostly in
the head.
20) The spinal nerves are 31 nerves that branch off from the spinal cord, passing through
openings in the vertebrae.
21) The somatic nervous system is responsible for actions that you can control.
22) The autonomic nervous system regulates actions that happen automatically.
23) A reflex is an automatic response of the nervous system to the environment.
24) A concussion is a short loss of consciousness following a severe bump to the head, during
which the soft brain tissue comes into contact with the skull.
25) A coma is a prolonged period of deep unconsciousness.
26) A paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some part of the body.
27) A quadriplegia is paralysis from the neck down, including the arms and legs.
28) Paraplegia is a paralysis of the lower body and legs. Usually the cause is an injury to a
lower part of the spinal cord.
29) Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges in the brain and spinal cord.
30) Rabies is an infection of the central nervous system, usually from a bite from an infected
animal.
31) A migraine headache is a very severe headache that usually lasts a long time.
32) A tension headache gives you tightness in the muscles of the head and neck.
33) A cerebral palsy is a nervous system damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after
birth.
34) Epilepsy is a condition when the impulses produced by the brain are disturbed.
35) A seizure is a sudden storm of brain activity.
36) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin are slowly destroyed.
37) Digestion is the process of breaking down the nutrients in foods into a form the body can
absorb and use.
38) The crown is the part of the tooth that can be seen above the gums.
39) The enamel is the hard outer layer of the tooth. It is the hardest material in the body.
40) The dentin of a tooth is the majority of a tooth and is a yellowish bonelike material.
41) The cementum is a bonelike material that cover’s the root’s dentin.
42) The root canal is a channel in which nerves and blood vessels pass through.
43) Gingiva is the tissue that surrounds the teeth and covers the bone around the teeth. AKA
Gums.
44) Pulp fills the center of a tooth.
45) Halitosis is bad breath caused by tooth and gum problems.
46) Plaque is a sticky, invisible, bacteria-filled film that covers the teeth.
47) Amalgam is a silver colored mixture of several metals to fill teeth.
48) Calculus is a hard material which irritates the gums. AKA Tartar.
49) Gingivitis is a condition in which the gums become red and swollen and bleed easily.
50) Periodontitis is a more advanced stage of gum disease.
51) Malocclusion is a condition in which the upper and lower teeth don’t meet properly.
52) An orthodontist is a dentist who specializes in correcting the position of teeth.
Layers of a Tooth and Parts of the Brain
Parts of a Neuron:
First, there is a cell body, and the middle of it is the nucleus. Branching out of the cell body are
the dendrites. The long branching one is the axon. Covering it is the myelin sheath. Inside the
axon is the synapses, or the message that is being transferred.
Questions:
1) Compare the layers of a tooth with the layers of a person.*
Answer: The first layer of a tooth is the enamel. The first layer of a person is Islam. The
Iman of a person should be as hard and solid as the enamel of a tooth, and the enamel of a
tooth is the hardest material in the body. The next layer of the tooth is the dentin. The next
layer of a person is friends and family. If the Iman of a person breaks, the friends and family
will help get that person back on the straight path. Also, if the enamel of a tooth breaks, the
dentin will be there to protect the rest of the tooth. The next layer of a person is clothing, and
then the next layer of the tooth is the pulp. The pulp covers the nerves just like how clothing
covers a person. The last layer of a tooth is the nerves and blood vessels, and the last layer of
a person is the self. If the self or the nerves were taken out, all of the layers would be useless.
2) What is the enamel?*
Answer: The enamel is the hard outer layer that covers the crown. It is the hardest material in
the body.
3) What was the point of the teeth lab?*
Answer: The point of the teeth lab was to find out what drink makes teeth decay faster. This
is useful knowledge because one should make wise choices and brush their teeth and floss
every day. Also, it was to find out if the surroundings of something had an effect on it. That
answer is yes because if something is put in different environment, they will either become
bad, good, or neutral.
4) What are the parts of a neuron?*
Answer: The first part is the cell body. In the middle of the cell body is the nucleus.
Connected to it is the short dendrites and the long axon. Covering the axon is the myelin
sheath. The synapses is in the axon which is going away from the cell body.
5) What is the difference between mechanical and chemical chewing?*
Answer: Mechanical digestion is like chopping vegetables, and an example is chewing.
Chemical digestion is breaking down food with chemicals. An example is with saliva.
6) What are the layers of teeth?*
Answer: The layers of the teeth are the enamel, the cementum, the dentin, the pulp, and then
the nerves and blood vessels.
7) What are 4 types of teeth?*
Answer: The four types of teeth are molars, pre-molars, incisors, and canines.
8) What takes the synapses away from the cell body?*
Answer: The Axon.
9) What does untreated gingivitis lead to?*
Answer: Periodontitis.
10) What are the 3 most important parts of the brain and what are their functions?
Answer: The three most important parts of the brain are:
- Cerebrum: It controls the skeletal muscles, memory, reasoning, and receives impulses
from sensory neurons.
- Brain Stem: It is the life support of the body. It controls breathing, blood pressure, and
respiration.
- Cerebellum: It coordinates the contraction of the muscles.
11) What is the function of a neuron?
Answer: The function of a neuron is to send impulses to one another and up and down the
body.
Dissection Tools:
Scalpel: A very sharp knife used to cut things open.
Eye Dropper: An object used to suck up liquid.
Tweezers: An object used to pick things up.
Probe: An object used to pin things down.
Scissors: An object used to cut things open.
Decide:
D: Define the Problem: The problem is that there aren’t enough seat belts to fit all of the
friends in the car.
E: Explore Alternatives: They could:
1) Go in a different car that has six seat belts.
2) Walk to the movie theatre since it is nearby.
3) Stay home and watch a movie there.
C: Consider the Consequences: If the friends just go in the car, they might get into an
accident or get caught by the police and they would get in trouble.
I: Identify Values: Their safety is valuable, so if they go with the alternatives, they would
avoid getting severely injured or even in trouble.
D: Decide and Act: The best choice is to stay home and watch a movie; that way, they don’t
have to waste money for the ticket.
E: Evaluate Results: Since the friends stayed home, they avoided getting in trouble, and also
saved money at the same time.
Neuron Packet
1) What function do neurons perform?
A neuron’s function is to carry nerve messages, or nerve impulses, from one part of the body
to another.
2) Name the three types of neurons and describe the function of each.
The three types of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Sensory
neurons pick up information about your internal and external environment from your sense
organs and your body. Motor neurons send impulses to your muscles and glands.
Interneurons pass impulses from one neuron to another.
3) List the three main areas of the brain and describe the function of each part.
The three most important parts of the brain are:
- Cerebrum: It controls the skeletal muscles, memory, reasoning, and receives impulses
from sensory neurons.
- Brain Stem: It is the life support of the body. It controls breathing, blood pressure, and
respiration.
- Cerebellum: It coordinates the contraction of the muscles.
4) How are migraine headaches different from tension headaches?
Tension headaches give you tightness in the muscles of the neck and head. Migraine
headaches make you sensitive to light and noise and may experience nausea and blurry
vision.
5) Explain why people should wear a helmet every time they ride a bike, not just in
races.
You should wear a helmet anytime there is a risk of head injury because you could get a
concussion or a come. You could also cause a cracked skull or a bleeding brain.
Teeth Packet
1) What is chewing-mechanical digestion or chemical digestion? Explain.
Chewing is a form of mechanical digestion because it is when foods are being broken down
physically and without chemicals.
2) What material covers the crown of a tooth?
The enamel is the material that covers the crown of a tooth.
3) How is tooth decay related to plaque?
Tooth decay relates to plaque because tooth decay occurs because of bacteria, and plaque is
bacteria.
4) What does flossing accomplish?
Flossing removes food and plaque that a tooth brush cannot reach.
5) People with gingivitis sometimes stop brushing their teeth because their gums hurt
too much. Do you think this will solve the problem of painful gums? Explain.
Brushing could actually get rid of gingivitis, so if people have it, they shouldn’t stop
brushing because brushing the teeth could get rid of the bacteria.