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Nerve Cell Flashcards 1. What does the word “innervates” mean? 2. 3 parts of the Nervous System 3. What are the two parts of the CNS? 4. What does the Autonomic Nervous System control and what are its 2 divisions? 5. What kinds of neurons enter the CNS? 6. What kind of neurons leave the CNS? 7. What sheath covers the axon (not referring to myelin)? 8. What sheath covers a fascicle (bundle of neurons) 9. What sheath covers a bunch of fascicles? 10. What is the neurilemma? 11. What is movement of nutrients, wastes, and organelles between the cell body and axon terminals 12. What three things do all neurons do? 13. What three characteristics do all neurons share? Refers to a nerve supplying a muscle or organ. For example, “The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm muscle”. 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves of the body 3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): has parts of the CNS and PNS. Brain and Spinal cord Controls autonomic function (blood pressure, digestion, etc). a. Sympathetic division b. Parasympathetic division Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor receptors. They are carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS. They innervate muscles and glands Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Outermost covering of a neuron (plasma membrane) Axoplasmic transport 1. Receive a signal. Can be any type of stimulus (change in environment, signal from another neuron, etc). 2. Transmit a signal to another location. E.g. finger touching something signal to spinal cord or brain. 3. Stimulate another cell a. Another neuron transmit signal b. Muscle contraction c. Gland secretion 1. Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime 2. Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis (the y lose their centrioles); neural stem cells are an exception 3. High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucose 1 Nerve Cell Flashcards 14. Picture of Sensory vs Motor Neurons axon 15. Photo of NEURON anatomy 16. What receives the signal and carries the nerve conduction toward the cell body? 17. Where are the nucleus, ribosomes, and most organelles located? 18. What has the function of transmitting signals from the cell body to the area with neurotransmitters? 19. What part of a neuron stimulates another cell? 20. Describe the correct path an impulse takes across a synapse. DENDRITES The CELL BODY AXON SYNAPTIC KNOBS Axon of presynaptic neuron SYNAPTIC CLEFT dendrite of post synaptic neuron 2 Nerve Cell Flashcards 21. What are synaptic knobs filled with? The synaptic knob has vesicles filled with a neurotransmitter that carries the signal. 22. What are 5 types of glia cells? Oligodendrocyte Schwann Cell Astrocyte Microglia Ependymal cells They support the neurons No. The impulses jump over the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and astrocytes and microglia are not involved in nerve impuses at all. No, the interneurons do that. 23. What is the function of glia cells? 24. Do glia cells carry nerve impulses? 25. Do glia cells process information in the nervous system? 26. What are the supporting cells of the nervous GLIA system? 27. Where do most brain tumors originate from? Most tumors of the brain originate from glial cells. 28. What is Wallerian Degeneration? process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. 3 Nerve Cell Flashcards 29. What are the types of synapses? 30. Photo of two of the 4 types of glial cells 31. Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS? 32. Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the PNS? 33. What is the function of MYELIN SHEATHS 34. What are the BARE regions of axonal membranes found only in myelinated axons called? 35. What conducts impulses faster – myelinated or unmyelinated axon? 36. Where are unmyelinated axons found? 37. Are unmyelinated axons thinner or thicker than myelinated? 38. What is myelin made of? 39. What is an autoimmune disease where the oligodendrocytes (the myelin sheaths) are destroyed, interfering with the neuron functions in the CNS and brain? 40. What is the most common neurological disease of young adults? 41. What are the two differences between SCHWANN CELLS and OLIGODENDRICYTES? axosomatic neuroeffector synapses axodendritic axoaxonic Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cell OLIGODENDROCYTES SCHWANN CELLS to speed up the rate of nerve impulse conduction. NODES OF RANVIER Myelinated Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons in the PNS and CNS. Unmyelinated axons are thinner. Mostly lipid MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Schwann cells are in PNS and each cell only forms one myelin sheath. Oligodendricytes are in CNS and each cell can form more than one myelin sheaths. 4 Nerve Cell Flashcards 42. What are the 3 functions of an ASTROCYTE? a. Physically supports the neurons b. Transmits materials from capillaries to neurons c. Forms blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps out harmful substances and many medicines 43. What is the only function of the blood-brain The only function of the blood-brain barrier is to help barrier BBB? protect the central nervous system. 44. They are macrophages D Define MICROGLIA and their function They pick up bacteria and debris 41. What are ependymal cells? Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) 42. What is the portion of the CNS that is GREY MATTER unmyelinated (cell bodies of neurons, glia, and dendrites)? 45. What is the portion of the CNS with myelin WHITE MATTER 46. What is a collection of axons in the PNS? NERVE; No cell bodies, dendrites, or synapses; just axons. 47. What is a collection of axons in the CNS TRACT 48. Where is most information processed? SYNAPSES in the CNS 49. What is a collection of cell bodies in the Ganglion PNS? 50. What is a network of nerves called? NERVE PLEXUS 51. What are the neurons that leave the CNS to MOTOR NEURONS effect a muscle or gland? 52. What neurons go from body to CNS, SENSORY NEURON carrying sensory information? 53. What is a small neuron found only in the INTERNEURON CNS? 54. What is the function of interneuron? it connects two other neurons in the spinal cord 55. What makes the CNS complex? The large number of interneurons in the CNS 56. Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons In gray matter and interneurons located? 57. Gray matter in the CNS contains what Neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, dendrites. Everything structures? except myelinated neurons 58. For a substance to diffuse across a a) The membrane must be permeable to the substance semipermiable membrane, what two b) The substance must have a concentration gradient conditions must be met? 59. At resting membrane potential, is the inside Inside is negative, outside is positive of the cell membrane positive or negative? What about the outside of the cell membrane? 60. What makes the inside of a cell membrane Proteins inside the cell make it negative negatively charged? 5 Nerve Cell Flashcards 61. What changes the overall charge on the inside and outside of the cell membrane? The charges change when sodium channels open during neuron stimulation 62. When a cell is at resting membrane potential and is then stimulated by a neuron, what is the first thing that happens to start the change in the overall charge on the inside of the cell? 63. Does potassium leave the cell because of neuron stimulation? 64. Why does sidedness exist (inside of cell negative, outside positive)? Sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell. 65. Why does potassium constantly want to leave a cell? 66. Why does potassium want to get back into a cell? 67. What is the resting membrane potential of a cell? Why does potassium constantly want to leave a cell? 68. When does Depolarization occur? 69. When does Repolarization occur? 70. What is an action potential? 71. What is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? 72. What are the three structural classifications of neurons? 73. What are the structural classification of neurons based on ? 74. What happens if a neuron’s supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted? No, it can leave anytime because its channel is leaky. a) The cell membrane has different permeabilities to each ion b) Pumps exist which force particular ions into or out of the cell c) Channels made out of protein selectively allow particular ions into or out of the cell. It wants to leave to diffuse down its concentration gradient It wants to get back into a cell because it is attracted to the negative charges on the protein inside the cell The resting membrane potential is how negative or positive the charge of the cell membrane is when it is not being stimulated by a neuron. The resting membrane potential is Minus 70-minus 90 mV Depolarization: Enough sodium ions flow into the cell to make the membrane potential become positive Repolarization: Enough sodium ions flow out of the cell to make the membrane potential become negative Action Potential = depolarization + repolarization The nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic cell, then the neurotransmitter is released. The NT binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, generating an action potential in the postsynaptic cell axon. Then the NT is removed from the receptors of the postsynaptic cell, either by an enzyme, or they are taken back up into the presynaptic terminal knob and recycled. 1. Unipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Multipolar the number of processes that project from the cell body. It might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another cell 6