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February 11, 2005 Multiple choice questions (numbers in brackets indicate the number of correct answers) All mitochondrial genomes analyzed to date are circular linear <50 kb in size >50 kb in size none of the above All chloroplast genomes analyzed to date are circular linear <50 kb in size >50 kb in size none of the above Bacterial genomes are compacted by Histones Other proteins than histones Supercoiling DNA polymerases DNA topoisomerases CP proteins Plasmids are molecules that are linear are circular are supercoiled in vivo are present in all bacteria contain essential genes replicate independently Operons are characteristic for eukaryotic genomes contain more than one gene contain more than one promoter contain always similar genes contain almost no intergenic sequences Telomers are located (1) (2) (3) (3) (2) at the ends of ribosomal RNA in centromers in the middle of chromosomes at the ends of chromosomes in nuclear DNA in mitochondrial DNA in prokaryotes in eukaryotes Microsatellites are frequently found in bacterial genomes always smaller than 50 bp used as DNA markers repeated sequences movable DNA elements Transposons are RNA sequences are DNA sequences are only found in eukaryotes contain no genes contain at least one gene can replicate (2) Most genes are transcribed into t-RNAs mRNAs ribosomal RNAs repeat elements small nuclear RNAs (1) Transcriptomes consist of RNA consist of proteins are translated into proteins do not change differ in different cells -sheets are stabilized by hydrophobic bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds covalent bonds all of the above none of the above (3) (2) (3) (1) Chaperons are involved in translation transcription protein degradation polypeptide folding mRNA processing Restriction endonucleases are located in the nucleus degrade DNA completely bind to DNA are enzymes are proteins were discovered in the 1980s (1) (3) PCR is used for reverse transcribing RNA into DNA digesting proteins digesting DNA copying plasmids amplifying DNA amplifying proteins Transformation converts DNA into RNA converts RNA into proteins joins two DNA fragments cuts DNA into fragments introduces DNA into cells removes genomes from cells is used in cloning of DNA DNA polymerases join DNA fragments replicate RNA replicate DNA synthesize DNA in 5’->3’ direction synthesize DNA in 3’->5’ direction require a primer to function require nucleotides to function require ATP (1) (2) (4) Genome markers Must occur as multiple alleles Must be repeat DNA sequences Can be any unique DNA sequence Are only used in genetic maps Are composed of foreign DNA Linkage analysis Is used in physical mapping Is based on Mendel’s laws Can only be used with prokaryotes Is based on recombination frequencies Requires unlinked genes Physical mapping Requires large numbers of organisms Is always based on optical methods Can use DNA fragment libraries Uses polymorphic restriction sites Can use sequence tagged sites (STSs) (1) (2) (2) Self study questions at the end of chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the GENOMES textbook: Chapter 2: 20, 22, 24. Chapter 3: 2, 4, 11. Chapter 4: 2, 4. Chapter 5: 1, 3, 8, 10.