* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download RNA and Protein Synthesis
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Real-time polymerase chain reaction wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
RNA, Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression, Enzyme, Carbon Cycle Review WS You need to be familiar with the following vocabulary and concepts. This is not intended to be all inclusive. RNA nucleotides differences from DNA – structure & function how it’s linked to RNA function 3 different types & their functions GENE EXPRESSION protein synthesis transcription o what occurs o where does it occur o what molecules are involved o what is the purpose o what is the product translation o what occurs o where does it occur o what molecules are involved o what is the purpose o what is the product CARBON CYCLE explain how carbon cycles photosynthesis o what is it, why is it important o where does it occur in cell o in what organisms does it occur cellular respiration o what is it, why is it important o where does it occur in cell o in what organisms does it occur PROTEINS DNA triplet, codon, anticodon Use the codon chart Mutations o types o outcomes/results how are they made polypeptide peptide bond Biuret test amino acids o structure o monomer what phase in the cell cycle are they made levels of structure ENZYMES o how do they work o characteristics of o function o structure o denature temperature pH o active site o substrate o activation energy o catalyst o -ase RNA and Protein Synthesis 1. What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid 2. What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose 3. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Nitrogen base, 5-Carbon Sugar, and Phosphate Group 4. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA? The Sugars, (Ribose vs. Deoxyribose,) the nitrogen bases, (U vs. T), and the structure (single stranded vs. double helix.) 5. What are the three types of RNA and what is their function? Messenger RNA (mRNA)-Transcribes the code from DNA and takes it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes based on the instructions on mRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)The structural component of ribosomes. 6. How many nucleotides does it take to make one amino acid? Three 7. Where are proteins built? (In which cell part) In the cytoplasm at the ribosomes 8. List three reasons proteins are important. Help build cell organelles and structures; Transport proteins in cell membrane; Used as enzymes, found in muscles, blood (hemoglobin,) insulin, and antibodies and found in other body structures. 9. Where does transcription take place in the cell, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific— G1, S, or G2 of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Transcription takes place in the Nucleus; Transcription is when DNA serves as the template and makes RNA. This occurs during G1 of Interphase in the Cell Cycle. 10. After the DNA is copied by the mRNA, what happens to the DNA? It winds back up and remains in the nucleus for later use. 11. Where does translation take place, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific—G1, S, or G2 of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Translation takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes; Translation involves the mRNA code being read, tRNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to the mRNA where the amino acids are bonded together to become proteins. Translation occurs during G1 of Interphase in the Cell Cycle. 12. Where in the cell are the amino acids when tRNA is trying to find them? In the cytoplasm ***Make sure you know how to read the mRNA codon chart to determine amino acids.*** 13. Fill in the matching base: DNA DNA DNA RNA RNA RNA Adenine--Thymine Adenine--Uracil Adenine--Uracil Thymine--Adenine Thymine--Adenine Uracil--Adenine Cytosine--Guanine Cytosine--Guanine Cytosine--Guanine Guanine--Cytosine Guanine--Cytosine Guanine--Cytosine 15. Define the following words. CodonA group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA AnticodonA group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA 16. What is a mutation? Permanent changes in chromosomes What is a point mutation? A change in the gentic code that affects only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence 17. Describe the three kinds of DNA sequence mutations and give a picture (base sequence) example. Deletion – base is “lost” Insertion - base is added Substitution – base is “exchanged” UGGCAG UGCAC UGGCAG UGGACAG UGGCAG UGACAG 18. What is gene expression? Another term for Protein Synthesis (transcription + translation), the process through which a protein is made 19. What was the testing reagent used in the Protein testing lab? _Biuret___ What did a positive result look like (color)? It turns from blue to violet 20. Describe the structure of proteins. A series of amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds. Enzymes 21. What organic compound are enzymes composed of?__proteins__How are they typically named (think word parts)? They typically end in “ase” 22. What happens to enzymes during/after a chemical reaction? (Are they changed? If so, in what way? Are they used up?) It is NOT changed or used up 23. What is a substrate and where does it “bond” to an enzyme? Draw and label a picture of this. The molecule that bonds to the enzyme and is changed by the reaction; Substrate bonds at an enzyme’s active site. Label the diagram with the correct terms: substrate active site enzyme Active site Enzyme Substrate 24. Describe the enzyme’s effect on activation energy. They cause reactions to happen easier, meaning the reaction requires less energy to get started. Enzymes lower the activation energy 25. Explain how temperature and pH can denature enzymes. Enzymes work best at their “optimal pH and temperature”. When the temperature or pH is too low or too high enzymes can lose their structure and will not work. 26. Explain how enzymes regulate metabolism. Speed up the reaction rate Carbon Cycle 27. Summarize the process of the Carbon Cycle. Living organisms fix and release energy in the form of carbon dioxide. The process that fixes or removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is photosynthesis. The process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is cellular respiration. 28. Draw the organelle where photosynthesis occurs & write the equation. Chloroplast 6CO2 + 6H20 (sunlight) C6H1206 + 6O2 29. Draw the organelle where cellular respiration occurs & write the equation. Mitochondria C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP) 30. Discuss in which types of organisms photosynthesis occurs and in which type of organisms cellular respiration occurs. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts that are found in both plant cells as well as in algae, which are protists. Cellular respiration takes place in an organelle in cells called the mitochondria. This takes place in all eukaryotic cells including animal, plant, fungi and protists.