Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 1
... a) Describe the conditions of the atmosphere on prebiotic earth and how these conditions differ from what is found today. Prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen, but was rich in H2, N2, CO2, H2O, and sulfurous gases. In the absence of O2 and O3, the UV light penetrated in far greater s ...
... a) Describe the conditions of the atmosphere on prebiotic earth and how these conditions differ from what is found today. Prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen, but was rich in H2, N2, CO2, H2O, and sulfurous gases. In the absence of O2 and O3, the UV light penetrated in far greater s ...
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia
... exposure to environmental stresses that limit energy availability is largely related to the degree of metabolic depression achieved. In order to withstand such environmental challenges, it is crucial to depress both energy consuming and energy producing pathways. Otherwise it is possible that cellul ...
... exposure to environmental stresses that limit energy availability is largely related to the degree of metabolic depression achieved. In order to withstand such environmental challenges, it is crucial to depress both energy consuming and energy producing pathways. Otherwise it is possible that cellul ...
Problem Set
... Kekule von Stradonitz, August (1929 - 1896) born in Darmstadt, Germany is described as a chemist who laid the groundwork for the modern structural theory in organic chemistry. In 1858 he showed that carbon is tetravalent and could form long chains. "One night in 1865 Kekule dreamed of the benzene mo ...
... Kekule von Stradonitz, August (1929 - 1896) born in Darmstadt, Germany is described as a chemist who laid the groundwork for the modern structural theory in organic chemistry. In 1858 he showed that carbon is tetravalent and could form long chains. "One night in 1865 Kekule dreamed of the benzene mo ...
University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for
... oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald operon that is responsible for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Inactivation of ald ...
... oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald operon that is responsible for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Inactivation of ald ...
EFFECTS OF BIOREACTOR OPERATION PARAMETERS ON
... 2.3 Definition of yield coefficients.............................................................. 19 2.4 The major macronutrient elements, their physiological functions, growth requirements and common sources................................................... 21 2.5 Parameter values for the emprica ...
... 2.3 Definition of yield coefficients.............................................................. 19 2.4 The major macronutrient elements, their physiological functions, growth requirements and common sources................................................... 21 2.5 Parameter values for the emprica ...
A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF SELECTED ARGININE AND
... the process is a very complex and thus requires a balance between clot formation (coagulation) and clot dissolution (fibrinolysis) (Figure 1-1). If the balance shifts toward coagulation, thrombotic events such as heart attack or stroke may occur. On the other hand, if the balance shifts toward fibri ...
... the process is a very complex and thus requires a balance between clot formation (coagulation) and clot dissolution (fibrinolysis) (Figure 1-1). If the balance shifts toward coagulation, thrombotic events such as heart attack or stroke may occur. On the other hand, if the balance shifts toward fibri ...
Synthesis of Heme
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
Some pyridoxal analogs and their transamination with amino acids
... important factors in effecting the efficiency of the catalysis? If so, then how does the stereochemical arrangement of these groups in relation to the coenzyme-substrate complex account for the catalysis? Furthermore, how important are dynamic conformational effects of the protein to the process of ...
... important factors in effecting the efficiency of the catalysis? If so, then how does the stereochemical arrangement of these groups in relation to the coenzyme-substrate complex account for the catalysis? Furthermore, how important are dynamic conformational effects of the protein to the process of ...
Allelic Amino Acid Substitutions Affect the
... for over 90% of the PLAP phenotypes (2). However, more than 20 rare allozymes have been described, often only in heterozygous combinations because of their low allelic frequency (3). The two most common PLAP phenotypes, S (slow) and F (fast), differ only in an Arg#{176} to p2o9 substitution (4), but ...
... for over 90% of the PLAP phenotypes (2). However, more than 20 rare allozymes have been described, often only in heterozygous combinations because of their low allelic frequency (3). The two most common PLAP phenotypes, S (slow) and F (fast), differ only in an Arg#{176} to p2o9 substitution (4), but ...
A plant vacuolar system : the lutoïds from Hevea brasiliensis latex
... Heuea brusiliensis latex is harvested by tapping. This most often entails the periodic removal of a thin bark layer on a tapping cut of the Heuea trunk. This cuts the latex tubes of the bark, where they are arranged in concentric layers around the cambium which engenders them periodically. Each coat ...
... Heuea brusiliensis latex is harvested by tapping. This most often entails the periodic removal of a thin bark layer on a tapping cut of the Heuea trunk. This cuts the latex tubes of the bark, where they are arranged in concentric layers around the cambium which engenders them periodically. Each coat ...
University of Groningen To dehydrate or not Khusainov, Rustem
... in the experimental procedures section. We have prepared a series of mutants serving several different purposes that will be described in detail below. The peptides were overexpressed and subjected in vivo to the nisin modification enzymes and secreted. Next, we purified them by means of fast liquid ...
... in the experimental procedures section. We have prepared a series of mutants serving several different purposes that will be described in detail below. The peptides were overexpressed and subjected in vivo to the nisin modification enzymes and secreted. Next, we purified them by means of fast liquid ...
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
... pyruvate and oxaloacetate are formed, respectively. These intermediates can be partially oxidized to acetate and partially reduced to propionate leading to stoichiometries as given in Table 2 (Eqs. 1 and 2). Also glutamate may be converted reductively to propionate (Table 2, Eq. 3). This was describ ...
... pyruvate and oxaloacetate are formed, respectively. These intermediates can be partially oxidized to acetate and partially reduced to propionate leading to stoichiometries as given in Table 2 (Eqs. 1 and 2). Also glutamate may be converted reductively to propionate (Table 2, Eq. 3). This was describ ...
Thiamine: an overview
... texts referred to beriberi (a thiamine deficiency disease) as early as 2700 BC.5 It was not until AD 1884 that Kanehiro Takaki (1849-1920), a surgeon general in the Japanese navy, rejected the previous germ theory and attributed the disease to insufficient nitrogen intake (protein deficiency).In 189 ...
... texts referred to beriberi (a thiamine deficiency disease) as early as 2700 BC.5 It was not until AD 1884 that Kanehiro Takaki (1849-1920), a surgeon general in the Japanese navy, rejected the previous germ theory and attributed the disease to insufficient nitrogen intake (protein deficiency).In 189 ...
The Handbook of Redox Biochemistry- ESA, Inc.
... oxygen. They obtain their energy either by oxidative phosphorylation or fermentation and do not require oxygen for synthesis. When oxygen is lacking this group of organisms can oxidize some organic compounds (which act as both electron donors and acceptors) with a small release of energy, in a proce ...
... oxygen. They obtain their energy either by oxidative phosphorylation or fermentation and do not require oxygen for synthesis. When oxygen is lacking this group of organisms can oxidize some organic compounds (which act as both electron donors and acceptors) with a small release of energy, in a proce ...
inclusion of a glycogen regulation mathematical model into a
... assume a well-mixed cell and ignore spatial heterogeneity While physiological layering is important to accurately model metabolism, the layering of regulation within the system is also of interest for our model. ...
... assume a well-mixed cell and ignore spatial heterogeneity While physiological layering is important to accurately model metabolism, the layering of regulation within the system is also of interest for our model. ...
Panel 13–2 The complete citric acid cycle
... Details of the eight steps are shown below. For each step, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change is shadowed in blue, and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is in a yellow box. ...
... Details of the eight steps are shown below. For each step, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change is shadowed in blue, and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is in a yellow box. ...
npr review - Olivamine
... suitable for maximizing hydrophobic contacts with the protein to which it is bound. For example, the phenyl rings of curcumin can participate in p–p van der Waals interactions with aromatic amino acid side chains. Within curcumin’s generally hydrophobic structure, the phenolic and carbonyl functiona ...
... suitable for maximizing hydrophobic contacts with the protein to which it is bound. For example, the phenyl rings of curcumin can participate in p–p van der Waals interactions with aromatic amino acid side chains. Within curcumin’s generally hydrophobic structure, the phenolic and carbonyl functiona ...
Chapter 1 - York University
... Like Cromwell (1599-1658), C3C4 on paper is long dead, save for a handful of treasured copies still available from PackardPublishing. How it came to die is best not discussed but its authors have long lamented the fact and planned a new edition. But, while the spirit is willing, the flesh is weak an ...
... Like Cromwell (1599-1658), C3C4 on paper is long dead, save for a handful of treasured copies still available from PackardPublishing. How it came to die is best not discussed but its authors have long lamented the fact and planned a new edition. But, while the spirit is willing, the flesh is weak an ...
Elucidating Flux Regulation of the Fermentation Modes of
... express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular biology and cellular metabolism. From the very first day he has helped me, a person without any p ...
... express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular biology and cellular metabolism. From the very first day he has helped me, a person without any p ...
Mutational and spectroscopic studies of the significance of the active
... MnSOD (sodA) was cloned into the overexpression vector pET24d (Novagen) using standard techniques and mutagenized by PCR using the megaprimer method [21]. Both strands of the mutant gene were completely sequenced to confirm the presence of the desired Gly77 to Gln and Gln146 to Ala mutations, and th ...
... MnSOD (sodA) was cloned into the overexpression vector pET24d (Novagen) using standard techniques and mutagenized by PCR using the megaprimer method [21]. Both strands of the mutant gene were completely sequenced to confirm the presence of the desired Gly77 to Gln and Gln146 to Ala mutations, and th ...
Sequence and Structure Classification of Kinases
... wealth of biochemical data make kinases an ideal group of enzymes for such structural/functional classification and analysis. We have analyzed over 17,000 kinase sequences and found that , 98% of them fall into seven general fold groups with known structures. We describe the common structural featur ...
... wealth of biochemical data make kinases an ideal group of enzymes for such structural/functional classification and analysis. We have analyzed over 17,000 kinase sequences and found that , 98% of them fall into seven general fold groups with known structures. We describe the common structural featur ...
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae– the main
... yeast in 1680 with the aid of handmade wax globules, whereas Charles Cagniard de la Tour reported in 1838 that yeast was responsible for alcoholic fermentation. By the end of the 19th century, improved strains were selected by the use of pure culture technique. Emil Hansen used serial dilutions in 1 ...
... yeast in 1680 with the aid of handmade wax globules, whereas Charles Cagniard de la Tour reported in 1838 that yeast was responsible for alcoholic fermentation. By the end of the 19th century, improved strains were selected by the use of pure culture technique. Emil Hansen used serial dilutions in 1 ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.