novel aspects of carnitine function and metabolism
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
Role of the glutamine transaminase-m-amidase
... Evidence for the operation of the glutamine transaminase-cu-amidase pathway in mammalian cells has been amply documented by Cooper & Meister (1977). In this pathway, glutamine is transaminated to yield different amino acids and 2-oxoglutaramate through the participation of a glutamine transaminase; ...
... Evidence for the operation of the glutamine transaminase-cu-amidase pathway in mammalian cells has been amply documented by Cooper & Meister (1977). In this pathway, glutamine is transaminated to yield different amino acids and 2-oxoglutaramate through the participation of a glutamine transaminase; ...
Midazolam Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Active
... Ala-305, Tyr-307, and Thr-309 with a smaller amino acid decreased this ratio. Kinetic analyses of nine key mutants revealed that the alteration in regioselectivity is caused by a change in kinetic parameters (Vmax and KM) for the formation of both metabolites in most cases. The study revealed the ro ...
... Ala-305, Tyr-307, and Thr-309 with a smaller amino acid decreased this ratio. Kinetic analyses of nine key mutants revealed that the alteration in regioselectivity is caused by a change in kinetic parameters (Vmax and KM) for the formation of both metabolites in most cases. The study revealed the ro ...
Structure-based design and functional studies of novel noroviral 3C
... are well defined and named S5–S1 according to the standard nomenclature for proteases [33]. Crystal structures of the protease in complex with boundary substrates show that, outside the catalytic triad, the majority of the substrate binding interactions are within domain 2 of the protease, in partic ...
... are well defined and named S5–S1 according to the standard nomenclature for proteases [33]. Crystal structures of the protease in complex with boundary substrates show that, outside the catalytic triad, the majority of the substrate binding interactions are within domain 2 of the protease, in partic ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Wageningen UR E
... The El-component exists either as a homodimer (012)or heterotetramer (ct2P2)>depending on the type and source of the complex [Perham, 1991].2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (Elo) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (Elp) from gram-negative sources are homodimeric enzymes with subunits of-100 kDa. Branched-chain ...
... The El-component exists either as a homodimer (012)or heterotetramer (ct2P2)>depending on the type and source of the complex [Perham, 1991].2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (Elo) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (Elp) from gram-negative sources are homodimeric enzymes with subunits of-100 kDa. Branched-chain ...
Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
![Metabolism of [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine by](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002383503_1-555972945f32c24447774c3be1b0f14a-300x300.png)
Metabolism of [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine by
... '"CO, release in detail, but some observations are worth noting. We found that, after 2 h incubation, 34% and 25% of '"C was lost as '"CO, during [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine feeding respectively. This accounted for approximately 80% of the difference between the total amount of absorbed radioa ...
... '"CO, release in detail, but some observations are worth noting. We found that, after 2 h incubation, 34% and 25% of '"C was lost as '"CO, during [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine feeding respectively. This accounted for approximately 80% of the difference between the total amount of absorbed radioa ...
Mechanism of Posttranslational Regulation of Phenol
... a biological system (1). Sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2), which catalyze sulfuryl group transfer between a nucleotide and a variety of nucleophiles, are responsible for all the known biological sulfations. The nucleotide, 3′-phosphoadenosine5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS),1 is a biologically active form of in ...
... a biological system (1). Sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2), which catalyze sulfuryl group transfer between a nucleotide and a variety of nucleophiles, are responsible for all the known biological sulfations. The nucleotide, 3′-phosphoadenosine5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS),1 is a biologically active form of in ...
- Wiley Online Library
... sink, thereby replacing intermediates of fermentation which would be reduced in the absence of nitrite. This dissimilatory mode of energy conservation may be called fermentative nitrite ammoni¢cation (Fig. 1). In this case ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation (mainly by acetate kinase ...
... sink, thereby replacing intermediates of fermentation which would be reduced in the absence of nitrite. This dissimilatory mode of energy conservation may be called fermentative nitrite ammoni¢cation (Fig. 1). In this case ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation (mainly by acetate kinase ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are high, indicating that the muscles involved in flight for insects depend on aerobic metabolism for energy production. The study concerns insect ...
... metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are high, indicating that the muscles involved in flight for insects depend on aerobic metabolism for energy production. The study concerns insect ...
Food Biochemistry and Food Processing (2
... publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organ ...
... publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organ ...
Biosynthesis of geranial, a potent aroma compound in ginger
... ginger (Nishimura 1995). While these geraniol-related compounds are structurally similar, they differ in aroma properties and threshold level, indicating that their composition reflects the aroma quality of whole ginger rhizome. The contents and composition of these compounds are dependent on the gi ...
... ginger (Nishimura 1995). While these geraniol-related compounds are structurally similar, they differ in aroma properties and threshold level, indicating that their composition reflects the aroma quality of whole ginger rhizome. The contents and composition of these compounds are dependent on the gi ...
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase and Mitochondrial
... facilitate the conversion of AsV to AsIII in presence of their respective substrate and a thiol compound. These include purine nucleoside phosphorylase (Gregus and Németi, 2002; Németi and Gregus, 2009b; Radabaugh et al., 2002), glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (Gregus and Németi, 2005), g ...
... facilitate the conversion of AsV to AsIII in presence of their respective substrate and a thiol compound. These include purine nucleoside phosphorylase (Gregus and Németi, 2002; Németi and Gregus, 2009b; Radabaugh et al., 2002), glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (Gregus and Németi, 2005), g ...
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for the -threonine
... Selection criteria would include reduced by-product formation and expanded substrate spectra. By all accounts, it is by genetic engineering that breakthroughs in efficient and clean L-threonine production will be achieved. This review covers development of L-threonine producers of E. coli and C. glut ...
... Selection criteria would include reduced by-product formation and expanded substrate spectra. By all accounts, it is by genetic engineering that breakthroughs in efficient and clean L-threonine production will be achieved. This review covers development of L-threonine producers of E. coli and C. glut ...
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides
... worth noting that determination of the apparent IC50 in isolated intact mitochondria involves an unknown amount of binding of Cd and nucleotides to mitochondrial proteins, which can reduce concentrations of free inhibitors. However, such binding is also likely to occur in vivo, allowing us to assume ...
... worth noting that determination of the apparent IC50 in isolated intact mitochondria involves an unknown amount of binding of Cd and nucleotides to mitochondrial proteins, which can reduce concentrations of free inhibitors. However, such binding is also likely to occur in vivo, allowing us to assume ...
Metabolism of heme
... Heme is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, myoglobin, & cytochromes and so on. - most common porphyrin in humans is heme - one ferrous goup in tetrapyrole ring - heme proteins (hemoproteins) are rapidly synthsized and degraded - 6 to 7 g per day hemoglobin turned over ...
... Heme is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, myoglobin, & cytochromes and so on. - most common porphyrin in humans is heme - one ferrous goup in tetrapyrole ring - heme proteins (hemoproteins) are rapidly synthsized and degraded - 6 to 7 g per day hemoglobin turned over ...
Pushing The Boundaries of Bioluminescence Using Synthetic
... to a range that is more able to penetrate through tissue, but at a cost of lower signal intensity. I developed mutant luciferases that increase the maximal photon flux with the synthetic luciferins over what is achievable with the wild-type luciferase, and furthermore discriminate between substrates ...
... to a range that is more able to penetrate through tissue, but at a cost of lower signal intensity. I developed mutant luciferases that increase the maximal photon flux with the synthetic luciferins over what is achievable with the wild-type luciferase, and furthermore discriminate between substrates ...
Wax ester fermentation and fatty acid biosynthesis in the facultatively
... nutrients such as glucose, undergo a series of transfers along the respiratory enzyme complexes. The electrons release energy by each transfer among the transport chain towards oxygen which serves as terminal electron acceptor. The energy released by the transfer among the transport chain, localized ...
... nutrients such as glucose, undergo a series of transfers along the respiratory enzyme complexes. The electrons release energy by each transfer among the transport chain towards oxygen which serves as terminal electron acceptor. The energy released by the transfer among the transport chain, localized ...
ASD v2.0: updated content and novel features
... in drug discovery and bioengineering, leading to the rapid growth of allosteric findings. In this updated version, ASD v2.0 has expanded to 1286 allosteric proteins, 565 allosteric diseases and 22 008 allosteric modulators. A total of 907 allosteric site-modulator structural complexes and >200 struc ...
... in drug discovery and bioengineering, leading to the rapid growth of allosteric findings. In this updated version, ASD v2.0 has expanded to 1286 allosteric proteins, 565 allosteric diseases and 22 008 allosteric modulators. A total of 907 allosteric site-modulator structural complexes and >200 struc ...
Full-Text PDF
... glycogen phosphorylase, or α-glucan phosphorylase. It is well accepted, however, that this enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, or α-glucan phosphorylase. It is well accepted, however, that this enzyme is simply referred to as “phosphorylase”, because it is the most extensively studied and widely used is ...
... glycogen phosphorylase, or α-glucan phosphorylase. It is well accepted, however, that this enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, or α-glucan phosphorylase. It is well accepted, however, that this enzyme is simply referred to as “phosphorylase”, because it is the most extensively studied and widely used is ...
Reprint
... In the presence of electron donors AH (Tyr, ascorbate, urate, nitrite, catecholamines, and many aromatic xenobiotics), Compound I can be turned into Compound II (MPO-Fe4+-OH) and can oxidize AH by one-electron transfer with formation of A•-radicals (reaction 3, Fig. 1) [12, 16, 19]. Compound II is c ...
... In the presence of electron donors AH (Tyr, ascorbate, urate, nitrite, catecholamines, and many aromatic xenobiotics), Compound I can be turned into Compound II (MPO-Fe4+-OH) and can oxidize AH by one-electron transfer with formation of A•-radicals (reaction 3, Fig. 1) [12, 16, 19]. Compound II is c ...
The role of homocysteine in endothelial dysfunction
... factors such as cholesterol, smoking, and obesity [20]. Homocysteine is now widely accepted as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease [13,17,20,33]. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this association, although intensively studied ...
... factors such as cholesterol, smoking, and obesity [20]. Homocysteine is now widely accepted as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease [13,17,20,33]. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this association, although intensively studied ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.