Download RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA, Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression, Enzyme, Carbon Cycle Review WS
You need to be familiar with the following vocabulary and concepts.
This is not intended to be all inclusive.
RNA
nucleotides
differences from DNA – structure &
function
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how it’s linked to RNA function
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3 different types & their functions
GENE EXPRESSION
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protein synthesis
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transcription
o
what occurs
o
where does it occur
o
what molecules are involved
o
what is the purpose
o
what is the product
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translation
o
what occurs
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where does it occur
o
what molecules are involved
o
what is the purpose
o
what is the product
CARBON CYCLE
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explain how carbon cycles
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photosynthesis
o
what is it, why is it important
o
where does it occur in cell
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in what organisms does it occur
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cellular respiration
o
what is it, why is it important
o
where does it occur in cell
o
in what organisms does it occur
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PROTEINS
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DNA triplet, codon, anticodon
Use the codon chart
Mutations
o
types
o
outcomes/results
how are they made
polypeptide
peptide bond
Biuret test
amino acids
o
structure
o
monomer
what phase in the cell cycle are they made
levels of structure
ENZYMES
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how do they work
o
characteristics of
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function
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structure
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denature
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temperature
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pH
o
active site
o
substrate
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activation energy
o
catalyst
o
-ase
RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid
2. What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose
3. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Nitrogen base, 5-Carbon Sugar, and Phosphate Group
4. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA? The Sugars, (Ribose vs. Deoxyribose,) the
nitrogen bases, (U vs. T), and the structure (single stranded vs. double helix.)
5. What are the three types of RNA and what is their function? Messenger RNA (mRNA)-Transcribes the
code from DNA and takes it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- Transfers amino
acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes based on the instructions on mRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)The structural component of ribosomes.
6. How many nucleotides does it take to make one amino acid? Three
7. Where are proteins built? (In which cell part) In the cytoplasm at the ribosomes
8. List three reasons proteins are important. Help build cell organelles and structures; Transport proteins
in cell membrane; Used as enzymes, found in muscles, blood (hemoglobin,) insulin, and antibodies and
found in other body structures.
9. Where does transcription take place in the cell, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific—
G1, S, or G2 of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Transcription takes place in the Nucleus;
Transcription is when DNA serves as the template and makes RNA. This occurs during G1 of Interphase
in the Cell Cycle.
10. After the DNA is copied by the mRNA, what happens to the DNA? It winds back up and remains in the
nucleus for later use.
11. Where does translation take place, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific—G1, S, or G2
of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Translation takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes;
Translation involves the mRNA code being read, tRNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome to the mRNA where the amino acids are bonded together to become proteins. Translation
occurs during G1 of Interphase in the Cell Cycle.
12. Where in the cell are the amino acids when tRNA is trying to find them? In the cytoplasm
***Make sure you know how to read the mRNA codon chart to determine amino acids.***
13. Fill in the matching base:
DNA  DNA
DNA  RNA
RNA RNA
Adenine--Thymine
Adenine--Uracil
Adenine--Uracil
Thymine--Adenine
Thymine--Adenine
Uracil--Adenine
Cytosine--Guanine
Cytosine--Guanine
Cytosine--Guanine
Guanine--Cytosine
Guanine--Cytosine
Guanine--Cytosine
15. Define the following words.
CodonA group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA
AnticodonA group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA
16. What is a mutation? Permanent changes in chromosomes
What is a point mutation? A change in the gentic code that affects only one nucleotide in the DNA
sequence
17. Describe the three kinds of DNA sequence mutations and give a picture (base sequence) example.



Deletion – base is “lost”
Insertion - base is added
Substitution – base is “exchanged”
UGGCAG  UGCAC
UGGCAG  UGGACAG
UGGCAG  UGACAG
18. What is gene expression? Another term for Protein Synthesis (transcription + translation), the process
through which a protein is made
19. What was the testing reagent used in the Protein testing lab? _Biuret___ What did a positive result look
like (color)? It turns from blue to violet
20. Describe the structure of proteins. A series of amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds.
Enzymes
21. What organic compound are enzymes composed of?__proteins__How are they typically named (think word
parts)? They typically end in “ase”
22. What happens to enzymes during/after a chemical reaction? (Are they changed? If so, in what way? Are
they used up?) It is NOT changed or used up
23. What is a substrate and where does it “bond” to an enzyme? Draw and label a picture of this. The
molecule that bonds to the enzyme and is changed by the reaction; Substrate bonds at an enzyme’s
active site.
Label the diagram
with the correct
terms:
substrate
active site
enzyme
Active site
Enzyme
Substrate
24. Describe the enzyme’s effect on activation energy. They cause reactions to happen easier, meaning the
reaction requires less energy to get started. Enzymes lower the activation energy
25. Explain how temperature and pH can denature enzymes. Enzymes work best at their “optimal pH and
temperature”. When the temperature or pH is too low or too high enzymes can lose their structure
and will not work.
26. Explain how enzymes regulate metabolism.
Speed up the reaction rate
Carbon Cycle
27. Summarize the process of the Carbon Cycle. Living organisms fix and release energy in the form of
carbon dioxide. The process that fixes or removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is
photosynthesis. The process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is cellular respiration.
28. Draw the organelle where photosynthesis occurs & write the equation. Chloroplast
6CO2 + 6H20
(sunlight) C6H1206 + 6O2
29. Draw the organelle where cellular respiration occurs & write the equation. Mitochondria
C6H1206 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
30. Discuss in which types of organisms photosynthesis occurs and in which type of organisms cellular
respiration occurs. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts that are found in both plant cells as
well as in algae, which are protists. Cellular respiration takes place in an organelle in cells called the
mitochondria. This takes place in all eukaryotic cells including animal, plant, fungi and protists.