Download The Cell Membrane

The Cell Membrane
AP Biology
2007-2008
The Structure of A Cell
 ALL cells have a cell
membrane
 A thin, flexible
barrier around the
cell
 Separates the
inside of the cell
from the outside
AP Biology
2
Structure of a Cell
 Controls traffic in & out of the cell
 Acts like a “gate”


selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross more easily
than others
 hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
 Made of phospholipids, proteins & other
macromolecules
AP Biology
The Cell Membrane
 Structure
2 layers of PhosphoLipids = Phosphate + lipid
 2 fats (lipids) as the tail that “hate water” –
hydrophobic
 1 phosphate molecule as the head that “loves
water” – hydrophilic
Faces the water inside the cell
 This is referred to as a “Lipid Bilayer”
 Proteins

AP Biology
4
Phosphate
Phospholipids
 Fatty acid tails

hydrophobic
 Phosphate group head

hydrophilic
Fatty acid
 Arranged as a bilayer
Aaaah,
one of those
structure–function
examples
AP Biology
Phospholipid bilayer
polar
hydrophilic
heads
nonpolar
hydrophobic
tails
polar
hydrophilic
heads
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Chapter 4 – Membrane Structure & Function
Plasma membrane Structure & Function
Phopholipids, Glycolipids, Proteins, Glycoproteins, Cholesterol
AP Biology
Membrane is also proteins, cholesterol.
Glycoprotein
Extracellular fluid
Glycolipid
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Transmembrane
proteins
Peripheral
protein
Cytoplasm
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Filaments of
cytoskeleton
Membrane Proteins
 Membrane proteins:

peripheral proteins
 loosely bound to surface of membrane
 cell surface identity marker (antigens)

integral proteins
 penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane
 transmembrane protein
 transport proteins
 channels, pumps
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Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside
Plasma
membrane
Inside
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Transporter
Enzyme
activity
Cell surface
receptor
Cell surface
identity marker
Cell adhesion
Attachment to the
cytoskeleton
Membrane carbohydrates
 Play a key role in cell-cell recognition

ability of a cell to distinguish one cell
from another
 antigens
important in organ &
tissue development
 basis for rejection of
foreign cells by
immune system

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Movement across the
Cell Membrane
AP Biology
2007-2008
Diffusion
 Diffusion

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movement from high  low concentration
Diffusion
 Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
“passive transport”
 no energy needed

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diffusion
movement of water
osmosis
Diffusion across cell membrane
 Cell membrane is the boundary between
inside & outside…

separates cell from its environment
Can it be an impenetrable boundary?
NO!
OUT
IN
food
carbohydrates
sugars, proteins
amino aids
lipids
salts, O2, H2O
AP Biology
OUT
IN
waste
ammonia
salts
CO2
H2O
products
cell needs materials in & products or waste out
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
 What molecules can get through directly?

fats & other lipids
inside cell
NH3
 What molecules can
lipid
salt
NOT get through
directly?

polar molecules
 H 2O

outside cell
sugar aa
H 2O
ions
 salts, ammonia

large molecules
 starches, proteins
AP Biology
Channels through cell membrane
 Membrane becomes semi-permeable
with protein channels

specific channels allow specific material
across cell membrane
inside cell
NH
AP
Biology
3
salt
H 2O
aa
sugar
outside cell
The Special Case of Water
Movement of water across
the cell membrane
AP Biology
2007-2008
Osmosis is diffusion of water
 Water is very important to life,
so we talk about water separately
 Diffusion of water from
high concentration of water to
low concentration of water

AP Biology
across a
semi-permeable
membrane
Concentration of water
 Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations

Hypertonic - more solute, less water

Hypotonic - less solute, more water

Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
water
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hypotonic
hypertonic
net movement of water
Managing water balance
 Cell survival depends on balancing
water uptake & loss
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freshwater
balanced
saltwater
Managing water balance
 Isotonic

animal cell immersed in
mild salt solution
 example:
blood cells in blood plasma
 problem: none
 no net movement of water

flows across membrane
equally, in both directions
 volume of cell is stable
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balanced
Managing water balance
 Hypotonic

a cell in fresh water
 example: Paramecium
 problem: gains water,
swells & can burst
 water continually enters
Paramecium cell
 solution: contractile vacuole
 pumps water out of cell
ATP
 ATP

plant cells
 turgid
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freshwater
Managing water balance
 Hypertonic

a cell in salt water
 example: shellfish
 problem: lose water & die
 solution: take up water or
pump out salt

plant cells
 plasmolysis = wilt
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saltwater
 STOP HERE!!!!
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Facilitated Diffusion
 Diffusion through protein channels


channels move specific molecules across
cell membrane
facilitated = with help
no energy needed
open channel = fast transport
high
low
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“The Bouncer”
Active Transport
 Cells may need to move molecules against
concentration gradient



shape change transports solute from
one side of membrane to other
protein “pump”
conformational change
“costs” energy = ATP
low
ATP
high
AP Biology
“The Doorman”
1991 | 2003
Aquaporins
 Water moves rapidly into & out of cells

AP Biology
evidence that there were water channels
Peter Agre
Roderick MacKinnon
John Hopkins
Rockefeller
Osmosis…
.05 M
.03 M
Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic
Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic
Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell
AP Biology
Active transport
 Many models & mechanisms
ATP
AP Biology
ATP
antiport
symport
Getting through cell membrane
 Passive Transport

Simple diffusion
 diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
 lipids
 high  low concentration gradient

Facilitated transport
 diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
 through a protein channel
 high  low concentration gradient
 Active transport

diffusion against concentration gradient
 low  high


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uses a protein pump
requires ATP
ATP
Transport summary
simple
diffusion
facilitated
diffusion
active
transport
AP Biology
ATP
How about large molecules?
 Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles
 endocytosis

 phagocytosis = “cellular eating”
 pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”

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exocytosis
exocytosis
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
fuse with
lysosome for
digestion
pinocytosis
non-specific
process
receptor-mediated
endocytosis
triggered by
molecular
signal
AP Biology