Download 1st 6 Test Review Notes 2012

1st 6wks Review
(This review will cover most of the six weeks test but not every question; use your spiral to study for the test.)
Safety
1. Basic equipment
a) Safety goggles
b) Apron
c) Gloves
d) Additional equipment as directed by teacher
2. Safety Rules
a) Follow all teacher directives
b) Report accidents immediately
c) Understand and follow all warning signs and labels
d) Do not play in the lab
e) Never eat or drink in the lab
f) Wear closed toed shoes when directed
g) Tie back long hair
h) Do not taste drink or smell anything without teacher permission
i) Clean up lab area before leaving
Chemistry
Atoms
The smallest unit that still has the properties of an element
Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
Molecule
Is made up of two or more atoms
The atoms in a molecule may be of the same element or different elements
Compound
Is made up of two or more different elements
Chemical symbols
1st letter in all element symbols is capitalized
2nd letter in all element symbols is lower case
Chemical Formula
The coefficient (number in front of element/compound) in an element/compound
represents the number of molecules in that element/compound
The subscript (number below the last letter in an element) represents the number of atoms
in that particular element.
Models
Models are manmade representations of real world situations
Have limitations that prevent them from showing every aspect of what is being studied.
Example: a model of the universe cannot be made to scale in a classroom and still be visible to the
naked eye.
Types of scientific investigations
Descriptive investigation
Uses observations to record interactions between an object and its environment/test conditions
Records the observations as data
Uses recorded observations to form a conclusion
Comparative investigation
Uses observations/tests results to compare and contrast 2 or more objects with each other
Records observations/tests results as data
Uses data to form a conclusion by comparing, contrasting, and showing relationships between
two or more objects.
Experimental investigation
An investigation where a scientist tests their hypothesis by changing one variable and seeing the
effect on a second variable.
There is only 1 independent variable and it is the variable you control/change
Dependent variable is the variable affected by the independent variable
Constants everything that does not change at anytime during the experiment
Control group establishes the base line for the experiment
Cells
Parts of a cell
Cell membrane-provides structure to cell
Cell wall-provides strength and shape to plant cells
Nucleus-were genetic information is contained for cellular reproduction. Directs activities
within the cell, sometimes referred to as the command center or the brain of the cell.
Cytoplasm- is a flowing jelly like material that other cell organelles are contained in
Mitochondrion- the cell organelle that produces energy used within the cell
Chloroplast- plant cell organelle that contains chlorophyll and were plant cell photosynthesis
occurs
Vacuole- storage organelle for the cell. Stores items such as water and proteins. Large in plant
cells, small but usually numerous in animal cells.
Types of cells
Prokaryotic cell-primitive cell form has no nucleus. Example is a bacteria cell
Eukaryotic cell-modern cell form has a nucleus. Example animal cells
Cell forms
Animal cell
Plant cell
Cell theory
3 major components of cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Scientists who contributed to cell theory
Hans and Zacharias Janssen-1590 inventors of 1st compound microscope
Robert Hooke-1665 used the word “cell” to describe microscopic structures
Francesco Redi-1668 disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek-1674 first to see and describe bacteria
Robert Brown-1831 discovered the cell nucleus
Matthias Scleiden-1839 proposed that all living things are made up of one or more cells.
Theodor Schwann-1839 formulated the cell theory of life
Rudolf Virchow-1855 every cell stems from another cell
Organic compounds
All organic compounds must contain Carbon and one of the following elements
H-Hydrogen
O-Oxygen
N-Nitrogen
P-Phosphorus
S-Sulfur
All living organisms are made up mostly of water and organic compounds
Turgor pressure
A force exerted outward on a plant cell wall by the water contained in the cell. This force gives the
plant rigidity, and may help to keep it erect.