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1st 6wks Review (This review will cover most of the six weeks test but not every question; use your spiral to study for the test.) Safety 1. Basic equipment a) Safety goggles b) Apron c) Gloves d) Additional equipment as directed by teacher 2. Safety Rules a) Follow all teacher directives b) Report accidents immediately c) Understand and follow all warning signs and labels d) Do not play in the lab e) Never eat or drink in the lab f) Wear closed toed shoes when directed g) Tie back long hair h) Do not taste drink or smell anything without teacher permission i) Clean up lab area before leaving Chemistry Atoms The smallest unit that still has the properties of an element Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons Molecule Is made up of two or more atoms The atoms in a molecule may be of the same element or different elements Compound Is made up of two or more different elements Chemical symbols 1st letter in all element symbols is capitalized 2nd letter in all element symbols is lower case Chemical Formula The coefficient (number in front of element/compound) in an element/compound represents the number of molecules in that element/compound The subscript (number below the last letter in an element) represents the number of atoms in that particular element. Models Models are manmade representations of real world situations Have limitations that prevent them from showing every aspect of what is being studied. Example: a model of the universe cannot be made to scale in a classroom and still be visible to the naked eye. Scientific investigations: There are two kinds of variables we will be using to create a line graph: Independent / (Manipulated ) Variable – this is the variable that we change. Dependent / (Responding) Variable – this is the variable that responds to that change. Constances are the things in an experiment that stay the same. Most things in your experiment should be constant Cell theory 3 major components of cell theory All living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life Cells arise from pre-existing cells. Scientists who contributed to cell theory Hans and Zacharias Janssen-1590 inventors of 1st compound microscope Robert Hooke-1665 used the word “cell” to describe microscopic structures Francesco Redi-1668 disproved the idea of spontaneous generation Anton Von Leeuwenhoek-1674 first to see and describe bacteria Robert Brown-1831 discovered the cell nucleus Matthias Scleiden-1839 proposed that all living things are made up of one or more cells. Theodor Schwann-1839 formulated the cell theory of life Rudolf Virchow-1855 every cell stems from another cell Organic compounds All organic compounds must contain Carbon and one of the following elements H-Hydrogen O-Oxygen N-Nitrogen P-Phosphorus S-Sulfur All living organisms are made up mostly of water and organic compounds