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Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Changing the Living World • Selective breeding – Breeding animals with characteristics we want to produce offspring with those • Plants – Potatoes or flowers • Animals – dogs or farm animals Changing the Living World – Hybridization • Cross different individuals to get offspring with favorable traits • The result is a hybrid – an individual produced from the crossing of two different organisms. Changing the Living World – Inbreeding • Breed similar individuals over and over to get offspring with favorable traits Changing the Living World • Increasing variation – Inducing mutations • Radiation • Chemicals – Produce mutants – an individual showing the mutation Changing the Living World – Producing new bacteria • Small size allows for millions to be treated – Oil eating bacteria Changing the Living World – Producing new plants • Chemicals that prevent chromosomal separation – Polypoidy • Larger and stronger plants 13-2 Manipulating DNA • How can scientists manipulate the code? • Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA 13-2 Manipulating DNA • Tools of Molecular Biology – Genetic Engineering • Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism – DNA Extraction • Open a cell (mechanical and chemical methods) • Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell parts (an alcohol) 13-2 Manipulating DNA – Cutting DNA • DNA molecules are very long • Restriction enzymes – Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides • Sticky ends – these are the cut ends of the DNA 13-2 Manipulating DNA – Separating DNA • Gel electrophoresis – A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel (negative end), and an electric voltage is applied to the gel – The molecules will move from negative to positive 13-2 Manipulating DNA 13-2 Manipulating DNA • Using the DNA Sequence – Once it is separated it is manageable • It can now be – Read – Studied – Changed 13-2 Manipulating DNA – Reading the Sequence • How do you read unknown DNA? • You can use: – DNA Polymerase – Four nucleotides – Chemical markers 13-2 Manipulating DNA – Cutting and Pasting • DNA synthesizers – Enzymes join artificial pieces of DNA with natural pieces – Recombinant DNA • Enzymes join genes from one strand of DNA with genes from another strand of DNA 13-2 Manipulating DNA • Making Copies – PCR or Polymerase chain reaction • Photocopying DNA over and over • Use strands of DNA that are called primers 13-3 Cell Transformation • Transformation – When a cell takes in foreign DNA and joins it with the existing DNA – This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA 13-3 Cell Transformation • Transforming Bacteria – Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid • Plasmid – small, circular DNA molecule • Genetic marker – a gene that makes it possible see which bacteria are carrying the plasmid (that is marked) and which bacteria are not. 13-3 Cell Transformation • Transforming Plant Cells – Using bacterium that normally infect plant cells and cause tumors – Taking away the cell wall some plant cells will take up DNA on their own – If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a chromosome of the cell 13-3 Cell Transformation • Transforming Animal Cells – DNA can be injected directly into the nucleus of an egg – Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs existing DNA – New DNA contains markers that tell which cells picked up the DNA 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering • Transgenic Organisms – Organisms that contain genes from other species – Firefly and tobacco plant – Genetic engineering has increased the growth of biotechnology 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering – Transgenic microorganisms • Bacteria reproduce quickly • Uses: – Can grow human proteins • Insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering – Transgenic Animals • Mimic human body for testing • Faster growing animals • No more food poisoning • Grow human proteins 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering – Transgenic Plants • Natural insecticide • Resist weed killing chemicals • Food resistant to spoiling • Weather resistant plants • Grow vitamins or proteins 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering • Cloning – Clone - A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell – Dolly – The cloned sheep from 1997 – Save endangered species