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PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 CHAPTER TWO: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Neurons: The Basic Units of the Nervous System Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system? What are the basic elements of the nervous system? How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another? 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Structure of the Neuron Neurons (Nerve cells) Basic elements of the nervous system As many as 1 trillion Figure 1 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 4 The Structure of the Neuron Dendrites Axon Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons Carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons Terminal buttons-send messages to other neurons Myelin sheath A protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon like links of sausage 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 How Neurons Fire Transmits an electrical impulse along the axon All-or-none law Resting state Action potential Mirror neurons Figures 2 and 3 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 6 Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap Synapse The space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages Figure 4 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 7 Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap Neurotransmitters Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron Excitatory messages Inhibitory messages Increase the likelihood that neurons will fire Decrease the likelihood that neurons will fire Reuptake Reabsorption by the terminal button 8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Neurotransmitters: Chemical Couriers Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Serotonin Endorphins Figure 5 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 9 Parts of the Nervous System Figure 6 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 10 The Nervous System: Linking Neurons Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Reflex Sensory (afferent) neurons Motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons 11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Nervous System: Linking Neurons Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Peripheral Nervous System Somatic division Voluntary movements Autonomic division Controls organs that function automatically 12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Central Nervous System & the Peripheral Nervous System Figure 7 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 13 Activating the Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all of the organism’s resources to run away or confront the threat “Fight or flight” Parasympathetic Division Calms the body after emergency ends 14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Major Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System Figure 8 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 15 The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System Evolutionary Psychology The branch of psychology that seeks to identify how behavior is influenced and produced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors Behavioral Genetics Studies the effects of heredity on behavior Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic counseling 16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Endocrine System: Hormones and Glands The chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream Hormones Pituitary gland “Master gland” Figure 9 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 17 The Brain How do researchers identify the major parts and functions of the brain? What are the major parts of the brain, and for what behaviors is each part responsible? How do the two halves of the brain operate interdependently? How can an understanding of the nervous system help us find ways to alleviate disease and pain? 18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Techniques for Spying on the Brain Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Brain Scans Produced by Different Techniques Figures 10A, 10B,10C, and 10D of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 20 Major Structures in the Brain in Cross-section Figure 12 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 21 The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” Central Core Hindbrain Medulla Breathing and heartbeat Pons Transmitter of motor information Cerebellum Balance Reticular formation Reticular Formation Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal 22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” Central Core Thalamus Relay station for information about the senses Hypothalamus Maintains a steady internal environment for the body 23 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core Controls a variety of functions relating to emotions and selfpreservation, like eating, aggression, and reproduction Includes: Amygdala Hippocampus Figure 13 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 24 The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” Cerebral Cortex Provides the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments Lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Figure 14 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 25 The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” The Motor Area of the Cortex Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement The Sensory Area of the Cortex Corresponds to body sensations Somatosensory area Touch Pressure The greater the amount of brain tissue devoted to a specific area of the body, the more sensitive that area of the body 26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” The Association Areas of the Cortex Executive functions Higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speech 27 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Adaptable Brain Neuroplasticity The brain continually reorganizing itself Neurogenesis New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood 28 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One? Left and right symmetrical halves Lateralized Left Verbal competence Processes information sequentially Right Spatial relationships Recognition of patterns and drawings Music Emotional expression Processes information globally 29 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres Split-brain patients The corpus callosum is surgically cut The two hemispheres of the brain no longer communicate with each other The patient cannot combine the information of both hemispheres Figure 16 of Chapter 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 30