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Ling 411 – 01 Introduction to the Course Linguistics 411 – Neurolinguistics Introduction and Course Outline Basic Brain Anatomy What this course is about Linguistic neuroscience • A physical science of language • Unlike ordinary linguistics Linguistics – the science of language? It is not a physical science • The things it studies are not physical » E.g., words, sentences » Are words physical objects? The linguistic system of a person A system in the person’s brain The linguistic system: An object for scientific investigation It is represented in the brain • The brain is a physical object Is it observable? • Indirect observation • Aphasiology • Study of impaired linguistic systems Study of unimpaired linguistic systems Direct observation Functional brain imaging Intra-operative mapping The start of the investigation We have to be realistic Have to start with observable phenomena First observation: • People talk with one another • They must have some means of doing so • Call it the linguistic system The linguistic system must have a location • It is mainly in the cerebral cortex • Known from aphasiology Next steps in the investigation The cerebral cortex is a network • Very large • Dynamic – connection strengths change The linguistic system is part of the cortex • Therefore it is a large dynamic network • Not necessarily all in one part of the cortex In fact, we know it is not We know from aphasiology that it • Occupies several different cortical regions • These regions are interconnected Linguistic neuroscience Linguistic neuroscience has a direct relationship not only to cognitive science but also to neuroscience Unlike ordinary linguistics But linguistic neuroscience provides a potential bridge from neuroscience to other linguistic pursuits • Those that can be shown to be relatable to linguistic neuroscience Quote from Norman Geschwind I gather … that the status of linguistic theories continues to be a difficult problem. … I would wish, cautiously, to make the suggestion, that perhaps a further touchstone may be added: to what extent does the theory tie in with other, non-linguistic information, for example, the anatomical aspects of language? In the end such bridges link a theory to the broader body of scientific knowledge. (1964) The need to be realistic Operational plausibility • The linguistic system has to be able to operate Developmental plausibility • The linguistic system has to be able to built within the brain of a small child Neurological plausibility • A theory of the structure of the linguistic system must have a plausible relationship to what is known about the brain from neuroscience Information Card.. LastName, FirstName Major(s) Previous linguistics courses Previous neuroscience courses Previous cognitive science courses Languages Why this course? email address Class Introduction to the Brain Brain Anatomy with special attention to Linguistically Important Systems The nervous system Central nervous system • Spinal cord • Brain Peripheral nervous system • Motor and sensory neurons connected to the spinal cord The brain Medulla oblongata – Myelencephalon Pons and Cerebellum – Metencephalon Midbrain – Mesencephalon Thalamus and hypothalamus – Diencephalon Cerebral hemispheres – Telencephalon • Cerebral cortex • Basal ganglia • Basal forebrain nuclei • Amygdaloid nucleus More.. Brain Stem The brain Medulla oblongata – Myelencephalon Pons and Cerebellum – Metencephalon Midbrain – Mesencephalon Thalamus and hypothalamus – Diencephalon Cerebral hemispheres – Telencephalon Alternative partition: Brain stem Cerebellum Thalamus & hypothalamus Cerebral hemispheres The brain Medulla oblongata – Myelencephalon Pons and Cerebellum – Metencephalon Midbrain – Mesencephalon Thalamus and hypothalamus – Diencephalon Cerebral hemispheres – Telencephalon • Cerebral cortex • Basal ganglia • Basal forebrain nuclei • Amygdaloid nucleus Thalamus and Cortex We will concentrate on the cortex But the thalamus is also very important • • Relatively neglected Too bad! I wish I knew more about it Metaphor: • • The cortex is the orchestra A very large orchestra • About 30 million members The thalamus is the conductor Two hemispheres Left Interhemispheric fissure (a.k.a. longitudinal fissure) Right Corpus Callosum Connects Hemispheres Corpus Callosum Major Left Hemisphere landmarks Central Sulcus Sylvian fissure Major landmarks and the four lobes Central Sulcus Frontal Lobe Sylvian fissure Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Primary motor and somatosensory areas Central Sulcus Primary Motor Area Sylvian fissure Primary Somatosensory Area The Sylvian Fissure Some terms.. Fissures and sulci • Singular: sulcus – Plural: sulci • The major sulci are usually called fissures Interhemispheric fissure Sylvian fissure Sometimes the term Rolandic fissure is used for the central sulcus Gyri • Singular: gyrus – Plural: gyri Alternatives terms for some fissures Interhemispheric fissure • Also known as Longitudinal fissure Sylvian fissure • Also known as Lateral sulcus Central sulcus • Also known as Rolandic fissure Primary Areas Primary Somatosensory Area Primary Motor Area Primary Auditory Area Primary Visual Area Divisions of Primary Motor and Somatic Areas Leg Primary Motor Area Primary Somatosensory Area Trunk Arm Hand Fingers Mouth Primary Auditory Area Primary Visual Area Higher level motor areas Actions perFormed by leg Actions performed by hand Leg Primary Somatosensory Area Trunk Arm Hand Fingers Actions performed by mouth Mouth Primary Auditory Area Primary Visual Area Two basic language areas Leg Primary Motor Area Primary Somatosensory Area Trunk Arm Hand Fingers Phonological Mouth Production Primary Auditory Area Phonological Recognition Primary Visual Area Areas important for language View from the top.. Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Principal cortical gyri (schematic) Arcuate Fasciculus (from langbrain website) www.rice.edu/langbrain Where is the linguistic system? Not in one place, but in several interconnected areas Language involves operations in multiple cortical modalities Each of them may also have nonlinguistic functions The hypothesis of a “language organ” is implausible end